Substituted pyrrolopyrimidines as HDM2 inhibitors

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides substituted pyrrolopyrimidines of Formula I as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof: 
                         
The representative compounds are useful as inhibitors of the HDM2 protein. Also disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions comprising the above compounds and potential methods of treating cancer using the same.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a U.S. National Phase application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of PCT Application No PCT/US2013/075917 filed Dec. 18, 2013, which claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/740,255, filed Dec. 20, 2012.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to novel compounds useful as Human Double Minute 2 (“HDM2”) protein inhibitors, regulators or modulators, pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds and potential methods of treatment using the compounds and compositions to potentially treat diseases such as, for example, cancer, diseases involving abnormal cell proliferation, and diseases caused by inadequate p53 levels.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a central role in maintaining the integrity of the genome in a cell by regulating the expression of a diverse array of genes responsible for DNA repair, cell cycle and growth arrest, and apoptosis [May et al., Oncogene 18 (53) (1999) p. 7621-7636; Oren, Cell Death Differ. 10 (4) (2003) p. 431-442, Hall and Peters, Adv. Cancer Res., 68: (1996) p. 67-108; Hainaut et al., Nucleic Acid Res., 25: (1997) p. 151-157; Sherr, Cancer Res., 60: (2000) p. 3689-95]. In response to oncogenic stress signals, the cell triggers the p53 transcription factor to activate genes implicated in the regulation cell cycle, which thereby initiates either apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. Apoptosis facilitates the elimination of damaged cells from the organism, while cell cycle arrest enables damaged cells to repair genetic damage [reviewed in Ko et al., Genes & Devel. 10: (1996) p. 1054-1072; Levine, Cell 88: (1997) p. 323-331]. The loss of the safeguard functions of p53 predisposes damaged cells to progress to a cancerous state. Inactivating p53 in mice consistently leads to an unusually high rate of tumors [Donehower et al., Nature, 356: (1992) p. 215-221].

The p53 transcription factor promotes the expression of a number of cell cycle regulatory genes, including its own negative regulator, the gene encoding the Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) protein [Chene, Nature Reviews Cancer 3: (2003) p. 102-109; Momand, Gene 242 (1-2): (2000) p. 15-29; Zheleva et al. Mini. Rev. Med. Chem. 3 (3): (2003) p. 257-270]. The MDM2 protein (designated HDM2 in humans) acts to down-regulate p53 activity in an auto-regulatory manner [Wu et al, Genes Dev., 7: (1993) p. 1126-1132; Bairak et al., EMBO J, 12: (1993) p. 461-468]. In the absence of oncogenic stress signals, i.e., under normal cellular conditions, the MDM2 protein serves to maintain p53 activity at low levels [Wu et al, Genes Dev., 7: (1993) p. 1126-1132; Barak et al., EMBO J, 12: (1993) p. 461-468]. However, in response to cellular DNA damage or under cellular stress, p53 activity increases helping to prevent the propagation of permanently damaged clones of cells by induction of cell cycle and growth arrest or apoptosis.

The regulation of p53 function relies on an appropriate balance between the two components of this p53-MDM2 auto-regulatory system. Indeed, this balance appears to be essential for cell survival. There are at least three ways that MDM2 acts to down-regulate p53 activity. First, MDM2 can bind to the N-terminal transcriptional activation domain of p53 to block expression of p53-responsive genes [Kussie et al., Science, 274: (1996) p. 948-953; Oliner et al., Nature, 362: (1993) p. 857-860; Momand et al, Cell, 69: (1992) p. 1237-1245]. Second, MDM2 shuttles p53 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to facilitate the proteolytic degradation of p53 [Roth et al, EMBO J, 17: (1998) p. 554-564; Freedman et al., Mol Cell Biol, 18: (1998) p. 7288-7293; Tao and Levine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 96: (1999) p. 3077-3080]. Finally, MDM2 possesses an intrinsic E3 ligase activity for conjugating ubiquitin to p53 for degradation within the ubiquitin-dependent 26S proteosome pathway [Honda et al., FEBS Lett, 420: (1997) p. 25-27; Yasuda, Oncogene 19: (2000) p. 1473-1476]. Thus, MDM2 impedes the ability of the p53 transcription factor to promote the expression of its target genes by binding p53 in the nucleus. Attenuating the p53-MDM2 auto-regulatory system can have a critical effect on cell homeostasis. Consistently, a correlation between the overexpression of MDM2 and tumor formation has been reported [Chene, Nature 3: (2003) p. 102-109]. Functional inactivation of wild type p53 is found in many types of human tumors. Restoring the function of p53 in tumor cells by anti-MDM2 therapy would result in slowing the tumor proliferation and instead stimulate apoptosis. Not surprisingly then, there is currently a substantial effort being made to identify new anticancer agents that hinder the ability of HDM2 to interact with p53 [Chene, Nature 3: (2003) p. 102-109]. Antibodies, peptides, and antisense oligonucleotides have been demonstrated to destroy the p53-MDM2 interaction, which would release p53 from the negative control of MDM2, leading to activation of the p53 pathway allowing the normal signals of growth arrest and/or apoptosis to function, which offers a potential therapeutic approach to treating cancer and other diseases characterized by abnormal cell proliferation. [See, e.g., Blaydes et al., Oncogene 14: (1997) p. 1859-1868; Bottger et al., Oncogene 13 (10): (1996) p. 2141-2147].

Small molecules, said to antagonize the p53-MDM2 interaction, have been described. WO 00/15657 (Zeneca Limited) describes piperizine-4-phenyl derivatives as inhibitors of the interaction between MDM2 and p53. Grasberger et al. (J. Med. Chem., 48 (2005) p. 909-912) (Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development L.L.C.) describes discovery and co-crystal structure of benzodiazepinedione as HDM2 antagonists that activate p53 in cells. Galatin et al. (J. Med. Chem. 47 (2004) p. 4163-4165) describes a nonpeptidic sulfonamide inhibitor of the p53-MDM2 interaction and activator of p53 dependent transcription in MDM2-overexpressing cells.

U.S. Pub. No. 2004/0259867 A1 and 2004/0259884 A1 describes Cis-imidazoles (Hoffmann La Roche Inc.) and WO2005/110996A1 and WO 03/051359 describes Cis-Imidazolines (Hoffmann La Roche Inc.) as compounds that inhibit the interaction of MDM2 with p53-like peptides resulting in antiproliferation. WO 2004/080460 A1 describes substituted piperidine compounds as MDM2-p53 inhibitors for treating cancer (Hoffmann La Roche Inc.). EP 0947494 A1 describes phenoxy acetic acid derivatives and phenoxy methyltetrazole that act as antagonists of MDM2 and interfere with the protein-protein interaction between MDM2 and p53, which results in anti-tumor properties (Hoffmann La Roche Inc.). Duncan et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 (4): (2001) p. 554-560 describes a p-53-MDM2 antagonist, chlorofusin, from a Fusarium Sp. Stoll et al., Biochemistry 40 (2) (2001) p. 336-344 describes chalcone derivatives that antagonize interactions between the human oncoprotein MDM2 and p53.

There is a need for effective inhibitors of the HDM2 or MDM2 protein in order to treat or prevent cancer, other disease states associated with cell proliferation, diseases associated with HDM2, or diseases caused by inadequate p53 activity. The present application discloses compounds that have potency in inhibiting or antagonizing the HDM2-p53 and MDM2-p53 interaction and/or activating p53 proteins in cells.

In its many embodiments, the present invention provides novel compounds having HDM2 or MDM2 antagonist activity, methods of preparing such compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more of such compounds, methods of preparing pharmaceutical formulations comprising one or more of such compounds, potential methods of treatment or prevention of one or more diseases associated with HDM2, MDM2, p53, or p53 peptides by administering such compounds or pharmaceutical compositions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In its many embodiments, the present invention provides a novel class of substituted pyrrolopyrimidine compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more said compounds, and potential methods for using said compounds for treating or preventing a disease associated with the HDM2 protein.

Accordingly, in one aspect the present invention provides a compound of Formula I:

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds illustrated as Formula I, as described above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or solvates thereof. Accordingly, in one aspect the present invention provides a compound of Formula I:

Wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR^(a) ₂)_(n)COOR¹¹, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(n)SO₂NR⁵R⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(n)C(O)NR^(c)SO₂N(R^(c))₂, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(n)S(O)R^(c), —(CR^(a) ₂)_(n)S(O)₂R^(c) and nitrogen containing 5-membered heterocyclic, heterocyclenyl or heteroaryl ring, wherein the 5-membered ring can be optionally substituted with OR^(c), SR^(c), NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R² is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, —W—(CR^(a)R⁹)_(t)R⁷, and heterocylic, wherein W is NR^(c) or O, wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocylic is optionally substituted with R¹² selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR^(a), —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)COOR¹⁰, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)cyclenyl, and —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclenyl, wherein the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, cyclenyl and heterocyclenyl of R¹² can be optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)COOR¹⁰, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)OR⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)SR⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)C(O)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)S(O)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)S(O)₂R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)CONR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)NR^(c)C(O)R⁸, -T-alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, -T-aryl, -T-heteroaryl, -T-heterocyclic, -T-cycloalkyl, -T-cyclenyl, and -T-heterocyclenyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, cyclenyl and heterocyclenyl can be optionally substituted with halo, SH, OR^(c), haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)CN, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)OR¹¹, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)S(O)₂R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)cyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)SO₂NR^(c)R⁸, or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)Y(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)U, said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclenyl and cyclenyl can further be substituted with OH, SH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, COOR¹⁰, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)cyclenyl, and —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)heterocyclenyl, wherein the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, cyclenyl, and heterocyclenyl can be optionally substituted with OH, SH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-heteroaryl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-aryl, and —C₀-C₆alkylheterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclic can be optionally substituted with C₂-C₃alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₃alkylamino, C₁-C₃dialkylamino or COOR¹¹; R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-heteroaryl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-aryl, and —C₀-C₆alkylheterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclic can be optionally substituted with C₂-C₃alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₃alkylamino, C₁-C₃dialkylamino or COOR¹¹; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, and C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, or heterocyclic can be optionally substituted with halo, nitro, CN, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-heteroaryl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-aryl, —C₀-C₆alkylheterocyclic, —C₀-C₆alkylheterocyclenyl, —C₀-C₆alkylcyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR⁵, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR⁵SO₂R⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)SO₂NR⁵R⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)R⁵, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)OR¹⁰, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)CONR⁵R⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)CONR⁵OR⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR⁵C(O)R⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR⁵, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)S(O)R^(c), and —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)S(O)₂R^(c); R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)-heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)-aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)-heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)-heterocyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)-cyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)cycloalkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, heterocyclenyl, cyclenyl, cycloalkyl, and alkyl can be optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic can be optionally substituted with —C₀-C₆alkylOR^(c), C₀-C₆alkylN(R^(c))₂, COOR¹⁰, nitro, CN, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₈alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₈alkylsulfonyl, heterocylic, or C(O)NHR^(c); R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)-heteroaryl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)-aryl, and —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)-heterocyclic, wherein the heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl and alkyl can be optionally substituted with C₁-C₆alkyl, OH, halo, or haloC₁-C₁alkyl; R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₈alkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)aryl, and —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic wherein the heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl and alkyl can be optionally substituted with C₁-C₈alkyl, OH, halo, or haloC₁-C₈alkyl; R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, C₁-C₈alkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)aryl, and —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic wherein the heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl and alkyl can be optionally substituted with C₁-C₈alkyl, OH, halo, or haloC₁-C₈alkyl; R^(a) is independently H, OR^(c), NH₂, halo, alkyl, or alkenyl, said alkyl or alkenyl is optionally substituted with OH, C₁-C₄alkoxy, NH₂, halo, haloC₁-C₄alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or C₂-C₄alkenyl; R^(c) is independently H or C₁-C₃alkyl optionally substituted with C₂-C₃alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₃alkylamino, or C₁-C₃dialkylamino; T is independently C₂-C₃alkenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)—, —C(═CH₂)—, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)—C(═CH₂)—, —C(═CH₂)—(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)—, —C(═NH)—, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)—C(═NH)—, or —C(═NH)—(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)—; Y is a bond, —C(O)NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)C(O)—, or —NR^(c)—; U is H, COOR¹¹, OH, heteroaryl or heterocyclic; n is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; m is independently 0, 1 or 2; q is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; s is independently 0, 1 or 2; t is independently 0, 1, or 2; v is independently 1, 2, 3 or 4; z is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

In one aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments,

R¹ is selected from the group consisting of COOR¹¹, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —C(O)NR^(c)SO₂N(R^(c))₂, —S(O)R^(c), —S(O)₂R^(c), and nitrogen containing 5-membered heterocyclenyl or heteroaryl ring, wherein the alkyl and 5-membered ring can be optionally substituted with OR^(c), SR^(c), NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R² is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, W—(CR^(a)R⁹)R⁷, and heterocyclic, wherein W is NR^(c) or O, wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic is optionally substituted with R¹² selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)OR^(c), and —(CR^(a) ₂)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), wherein the alkyl of R¹² can be optionally substituted with OH, CN, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, or CON(R^(c))₂; R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic, wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic can be optionally substituted with halo, OR^(c), SH, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)CN, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)OR¹¹, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)S(O)₂R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)SO₂NR^(c)R⁸, or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)Y(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)U; said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclic can further be substituted with OH, halo, or C₂-C₆alkenyl; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR^(a) ₂)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)cyclenyl, and —(CR^(a) ₂)heterocyclenyl, wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, cyclenyl, and heterocyclenyl can be optionally substituted with OH, SH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R⁷ is C₃-C₈cycloalkyl optionally substituted with halo, nitro, CN, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR^(c); R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of —(CR^(a) ₂)-heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)-aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)-heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)-heterocyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)cyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)cycloalkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, heterocyclenyl, cyclenyl, cycloalkyl, and alkyl can be optionally substituted with OH, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, or halo group; R⁹ is independently H, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, or C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with OR^(c), N(R^(c))₂, heterocyclic, C(O)NHCH₂CH₂OH, C(O)NH₂, or C(O)NHC₁-C₃alkyl; R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C₁-C₆alkyl, wherein alkyl can be optionally substituted with OH or halo; R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₃alkyl, and aryl, wherein the aryl, and alkyl can be optionally substituted with C₁-C₆alkyl, OH, halo, or haloC₁-C₆alkyl; R^(a) is independently H, OR^(c), NH₂, halo, alkyl, or alkenyl, said alkyl or alkenyl is optionally substituted with OH, C₁-C₄alkoxy, NH₂, F, CF₃, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or C₂-C₄alkenyl; R^(c) is independently H or C₁-C₃alkyl optionally substituted with C₂-C₃alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₃alkylamino, or C₁-C₃dialkylamino; Y is a bond, —C(O)NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)C(O)—, or —NR^(c)—; U is H, COOR¹¹, OH, heteroaryl or heterocyclic; v is independently 1 or 2; and z is independently 0, 1 or 2.

In one aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments, R¹ is selected from the group consisting of COOH and nitrogen containing 5-membered heteroaryl or heterocyclenyl ring, wherein the 5-membered ring can be optionally substituted with OR^(c), SR^(c), NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino.

In another aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments,

R² is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, and —NR^(c)—(CR^(a)R⁹)R⁷, wherein the aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with R¹² selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)OR^(c), wherein the alkyl of R¹² can be optionally substituted with OH, CN, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, or CON(R^(c))₂; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR^(a) ₂)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, and —(CR^(a) ₂)C₃-C₆cyclenyl, wherein the aryl, cycloalkyl, and cyclenyl can be optionally substituted with OH, SH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R⁷ is C₃-C₆cycloalkyl optionally substituted with halo, nitro, CN, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR^(c); R⁹ is C₁-C₃alkyl; and R¹⁷ is H.

In another aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments,

R¹⁷ is selected from the group consisting of H, halo, C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, and —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)aryl, wherein the heteroaryl, aryl, and alkyl can be optionally substituted with C₁-C₆alkyl, OH, halo, or haloC₁-C₆alkyl. In one embodiment, said aryl is phenyl, and said heteroaryl is pyridyl.

In another aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments, R¹ is COOH or a nitrogen containing 5-membered heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclenyl ring selected from the group consisting of tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxadiazolone, dihydro-oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, dihydro-triazolyl, dihydro-triazolone, pyrrolidinyl, and imidazolyl, wherein the nitrogen containing 5-membered ring can be optionally substituted with halo, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, NH₂, OR^(c), SR^(c), COOH, or —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c).

In yet another aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments,

R¹ is

wherein R^(d) is CH₃ or H. In one embodiment, R¹ is

wherein R^(d) is CH₃ or H. In another embodiment, R¹ is COOH,

In a further embodiment, R¹ is

In a further embodiment, R¹ is

In yet a further embodiment, R¹ is

In yet another aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments, R⁷ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In another embodiment, R⁷ is cyclobutyl.

In yet another aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments, R² is

R^(e) is H, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)OR¹⁰, halo, haloC₁-C₃alkyl or C₁-C₃alkyl; K and L are independently CR¹⁴ or N; R¹⁴ is independently H, halo, CN, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR^(c), —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)cyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclenyl, wherein the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, cyclenyl or heterocyclenyl can be optionally substituted with OH, CN, halo, haloC₁-C₃alkyl, or CON(R^(c))₂; and h is 0 or 1. In another embodiment, R² is

In a further embodiment, R² is

In yet a further embodiment, R² is

and R^(e) is halo.

In a further aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments,

R³ is aryl, wherein the aryl is optionally substituted with halo, OR^(c), haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, CN, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)OR¹⁰, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)S(O)₂R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)SO₂NR^(c)R⁸, or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)Y(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)U; said alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclic can further be substituted with OH, halo, or C₂-C₆alkenyl.

In yet another aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments, R³ is

X is NR¹⁹, CR¹⁶ ₂, S, or O; R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 5 or 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, amino, CN, OH, and SH; two adjacent R¹⁵ form a fused C₃-C₇cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring; two non-adjacent R¹⁵ form a C₁-C₃alkylene; or two R¹⁵ attached to the same carbon form a C₃-C₇cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring, wherein the phenyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic can be optionally substituted with R¹³ selected from the group consisting of haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH; R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, amino, CN, OH, and SH; R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl; f is 0, 1 or 2; g is 0, 1 or 2; j is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8. In one embodiment, R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 5 or 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, amino, CN, OH, and SH; two adjacent R¹⁵ form a fused C₃-C₇cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring; or two R¹⁵ attached to the same carbon form a C₃-C₇cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring, wherein the phenyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclic can be optionally substituted with R¹³ selected from the group consisting of haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH; R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, amino, CN, OH, and SH. In another embodiment, R¹⁵ is independently halo, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃alkoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, or NH₂ In one embodiment, j is independently 0, 1 or 2. In one embodiment, f is 0 or 1. In one embodiment, R³ is

In a yet another aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments, R³ is

X is CR¹⁶ ₂, S, or O; R¹³, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently H, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH; A is phenyl, or 5-6 membered heteroaryl; r is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5; and j is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3. In one embodiment, R¹³, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently halo, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy or NH₂. In one embodiment, r is independently 0 or 1; j is independently 0 or 1. In another embodiment, X is O. In a further embodiment, A is phenyl, pyridyl or oxadiazolyl. In another embodiment, R³ is

In a further embodiment, R³ is

In another aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments, R³ is

Ring B is a fused C₃-C₇cycloalkyl; X is CR¹⁶ ₂, S, or O; R¹³, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently H, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH; r is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8; and j is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In one embodiment, R¹³, R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently halo, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆alkoxy or NH₂. In one embodiment, r is independently 0 or 1; j is independently 0 or 1. In another embodiment, X is O.

In a further aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments, R³ is

R¹⁵ is independently haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH; f is 0, 1 or 2; j is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In one embodiment, R¹⁵ is independently halo, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃alkoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, or NH₂ In one embodiment, j is independently 0, 1 or 2. In one embodiment, f is 0 or 1.

In a further aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments, R³ is

X is CH₂ or O; R¹⁸ and R²⁰ are independently H, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₃-C₆alkyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH; and f is 0, 1 or 2;

In yet a further aspect of the invention for the foregoing embodiments, R³ is

R¹⁵ is independently haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxyC₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH; j is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. In one embodiment, R¹⁵ is independently halo, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃alkoxyC₁-C₃alkyl, or NH₂ In one embodiment, j is independently 0 or 1.

In another embodiment, R³ is H, -T-aryl or -T-heteroaryl, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl can be optionally substituted with halo, OR^(c), haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)CN, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, said alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl can further be substituted with OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino.

In one embodiment, R³ is H, -T-aryl or -T-heteroaryl, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl can be optionally substituted with halo or C₁-C₆alkyl, wherein T is (CR^(a) ₂)_(q). In another embodiment, R³ is H, -T-phenyl or -T-pyridyl, wherein the phenyl or pyridyl can be optionally substituted with halo or C₁-C₆alkyl, wherein T is (CR^(a) ₂)_(q).

In a further aspect of the invention of the foregoing embodiments, R⁴ is —CH₂—Y or —CH₂(CH₃)—Y, wherein Y is phenyl or cyclohexyl optionally substituted with haloC₁-C₃alkyl, haloC₂-C₃alkenyl, halo, C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, haloC₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₂-C₃alkenoxy, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₂-C₃alkenyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH.

In one embodiment, R⁴ is —CH₂—Y or —CH₂(CH₃)—Y, wherein Y is phenyl or cyclohexyl, optionally substituted with CF₃, CHF₂, halo, cyclopropyl, OCF₃, OCH₃, methyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH.

In another embodiment, R⁴ is

-   -   R^(b) and R^(s) are independently H, halo, haloC₁-C₃alkyl or         C₁-C₃alkyl;     -   R^(g) is H, or methyl;     -   i and l are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; and     -   e is 0 or 1.         In another embodiment, R⁴ is CH₂-cyclohexyl,

benzyl,

and R^(b) is H, haloC₁-C₃alkyl, haloC₂-C₃alkenyl, halo, haloC₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₂-C₃alkenyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH. In one embodiment, R^(b) is H, haloC₁-C₃alkyl, halo, haloC₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃alkyl, or C₂-C₃alkenyl. In another embodiment, R⁴ is

Specific examples of the compounds of the invention include, but not limited to:

-   (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-6-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-7-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-7-methyl-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   6-(1-benzofuran-5-yl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   6-(2-chloro-5-methylphenyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   7-(2-chloro-5-methylphenyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-[4-(1-methylethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-7-methyl-6-[4-(1-methylethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   5-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[2-methoxy-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[4-(difluoromethoxy)benzyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   5-(4-chloro-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)benzyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-{[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   5-(4-bromo-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; and -   4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-(3-fluoro-4-methylbenzyl)-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid;     or a stereoisomer thereof;     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the stereoisomer thereof.

Additional examples of the compounds of the invention include, but not limited to:

-   4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   3-{4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; -   4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; -   5-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one; -   4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   3-{4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; -   4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; -   4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-phenyl-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   5-{7-benzyl-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one; -   4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-methylpropyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-methylpropyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; -   4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; -   3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; -   4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; -   3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; -   4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[(1R or     S)-1-fluoro-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic     acid; and -   3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[(1R or     S)-1-fluoro-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one;     or a stereoisomer thereof;     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;     or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the stereoisomer thereof.

Chemical Definitions

As used herein, “alkyl” is intended to include both branched and straight-chain saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon groups having the specified number of carbon atoms. For example, C₁-C₁₀, as in “C₁-C₁₀ alkyl” is defined to include groups having 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 carbons in a linear or branched arrangement. For example, “C₁-C₁₀ alkyl” specifically includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, i-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, and so on.

When used in the phrases “alkylaryl”, “alkylcycloalkyl” and “alkylheterocyclyl” the term “alkyl” refers to the alkyl portion of the moiety and does not describe the number of atoms in the heterocyclyl portion of the moiety. In an embodiment, if the number of carbon atoms is not specified, the “alkyl” of “alkylaryl”, “alkylcycloalkyl” and “alkylheterocyclyl” refers to C₁-C₁₂ alkyl and in a further embodiment, refers to C₁-C₆ alkyl.

The term “cycloalkyl” means a monocyclic, bicyclic or spirocyclic saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group having the specified number of carbon atoms. The cycloalkyl is optionally bridged (i.e., forming a bicyclic moiety), for example with a methylene, ethylene or propylene bridge. The cycloalkyl may be fused with an aryl group such as phenyl, and it is understood that the cycloalkyl substituent is attached via the cycloalkyl group. For example, “cycloalkyl” includes cyclopropyl, methyl-cyclopropyl, 2,2-dimethyl-cyclobutyl, 2-ethyl-cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and so on. “cycloalkyl” also includes cycloalkyl rings as described above wherein ═CH₂ replaces two available hydrogens on the same ring carbon atom.

The term “cyclenyl” means a monocyclic, bicyclic or spirocyclic unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group having the specified number of carbon atoms. The cyclenyl is optionally bridged (i.e., forming a bicyclic moiety), for example with a methylene, ethylene or propylene bridge. The cyclenyl may be fused with an aryl group such as phenyl, and it is understood that the cyclenyl substituent is attached via the cyclenyl group. For example, “cyclenyl” includes cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl and so on. “Cyclenyl” also includes cyclenyl rings as described above wherein ═CH₂ replaces two available hydrogens on the same ring carbon atom.

In an embodiment, if the number of carbon atoms is not specified, “alkyl” refers to C₁-C₁₂ alkyl and in a further embodiment, “alkyl” refers to C₁-C₆ alkyl. In an embodiment, if the number of carbon atoms is not specified, “cycloalkyl” refers to C₃-C₁₀ cycloalkyl and in a further embodiment, “cycloalkyl” refers to C₃-C₇ cycloalkyl. In an embodiment, if the number of carbon atoms is not specified, “cyclenyl” refers to C₅-C₁₀ cyclenyl and in a further embodiment, “cyclenyl” refers to C₅-C₇ cyclenyl. In an embodiment, examples of “alkyl” include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, t-butyl and i-butyl.

The term “alkylene” means a hydrocarbon diradical group having the specified number of carbon atoms. For example, “alkylene” includes —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂— and the like. In an embodiment, if the number of carbon atoms is not specified, “alkylene” refers to C₁-C₁₂ alkylene and in a further embodiment, “alkylene” refers to C₁-C₆ alkylene.

If no number of carbon atoms is specified, the term “alkenyl” refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon radical, straight, branched or cyclic, containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon double bond. Preferably one carbon to carbon double bond is present, and up to four non-aromatic carbon-carbon double bonds may be present. Thus, “C₂-C₆ alkenyl” means an alkenyl radical having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, butenyl, 2-methylbutenyl and cyclohexenyl. The straight, branched or cyclic portion of the alkenyl group may contain double bonds and may be substituted if a substituted alkenyl group is indicated.

“Alkenylene” means a diradical group of an alkenyl group that is defined above. For example, “alkenylene” includes —CH₂—CH₂—CH═CH—CH₂, —CH═CH—CH₂ and the like.

The term “alkynyl” refers to a hydrocarbon radical straight, branched or cyclic, containing from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon triple bond. Up to three carbon-carbon triple bonds may be present. Thus, “C₂-C₆ alkynyl” means an alkynyl radical having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, 3-methylbutynyl and so on. The straight, branched or cyclic portion of the alkynyl group may contain triple bonds and may be substituted if a substituted alkynyl group is indicated.

In certain instances, substituents may be defined with a range of carbons that includes zero, such as (C₀-C₆)alkylene-aryl. If aryl is taken to be phenyl, this definition would include phenyl itself as well as —CH₂Ph, —CH₂CH₂Ph, CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)Ph, and so on.

“Aryl” is intended to mean any stable monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic carbon ring of up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic. Examples of such aryl elements include phenyl, naphthyl, tetrahydronaphthyl, indanyl and biphenyl. In cases where the aryl substituent is bicyclic and one ring is non-aromatic, it is understood that attachment is via the aromatic ring.

In one embodiment, “aryl” is an aromatic ring of 6 to 14 carbon atoms, and includes a carbocyclic aromatic group fused with a 5- or 6-membered cycloalkyl group such as indan. Examples of carbocyclic aromatic groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, naphthyl, e.g. 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl; anthracenyl, e.g. 1-anthracenyl, 2-anthracenyl; phenanthrenyl; fluorenonyl, e.g. 9-fluorenonyl, indanyl and the like.

The term heteroaryl, as used herein, represents a stable monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic ring of up to 7 atoms in each ring, wherein at least one ring is aromatic and contains carbon and from 1 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N and S. In another embodiment, the term heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic aromatic ring of 5- to 14-ring atoms of carbon and from one to four heteroatoms selected from O, N, or S. As with the definition of heterocycle below, “heteroaryl” is also understood to include the N-oxide derivative of any nitrogen-containing heteroaryl. In cases where the heteroaryl substituent is bicyclic and one ring is non-aromatic or contains no heteroatoms, in one embodiment, attachment is via the heteroatom containing aromatic ring, respectively.

Heteroaryl groups within the scope of this definition include but are not limited to acridinyl, carbazolyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, pyrrazolyl, indolyl, benzotriazolyl, furanyl, thienyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, indolyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, tetrahydroquinoline. Additional examples of heteroaryl include, but are not limited to pyridyl, e.g., 2-pyridyl (also referred to as α-pyridyl), 3-pyridyl (also referred to as β-pyridyl) and 4-pyridyl (also referred to as (γ-pyridyl); thienyl, e.g., 2-thienyl and 3-thienyl; furanyl, e.g., 2-furanyl and 3-furanyl; pyrimidyl, e.g., 2-pyrimidyl and 4-pyrimidyl; imidazolyl, e.g., 2-imidazolyl; pyranyl, e.g., 2-pyranyl and 3-pyranyl; pyrazolyl, e.g., 4-pyrazolyl and 5-pyrazolyl; thiazolyl, e.g., 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl and 5-thiazolyl; thiadiazolyl; isothiazolyl; oxazolyl, e.g., 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl and 5-oxazolyl; isoxazolyl; pyrrolyl; pyridazinyl; pyrazinyl and the like.

In an embodiment, “heteroaryl” may also include a “fused polycyclic aromatic”, which is a heteroaryl fused with one or more other heteroaryl or nonaromatic heterocyclic ring. Examples include, quinolinyl and isoquinolinyl, e.g. 2-quinolinyl, 3-quinolinyl, 4-quinolinyl, 5-quinolinyl, 6-quinolinyl, 7-quinolinyl and 8-quinolinyl, 1-isoquinolinyl, 3-quinolinyl, 4-isoquinolinyl, 5-isoquinolinyl, 6-isoquinolinyl, 7-isoquinolinyl and 8-isoquinolinyl; benzofuranyl, e.g. 2-benzofuranyl and 3-benzofuranyl; dibenzofuranyl, e.g. 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl; dibenzothiophenyl; benzothienyl, e.g. 2-benzothienyl and 3-benzothienyl; indolyl, e.g. 2-indolyl and 3-indolyl; benzothiazolyl, e.g., 2-benzothiazolyl; benzooxazolyl, e.g., 2-benzooxazolyl; benzimidazolyl, e.g. 2-benzoimidazolyl; isoindolyl, e.g. 1-isoindolyl and 3-isoindolyl; benzotriazolyl; purinyl; thianaphthenyl, pyrazinyl and the like.

“Heterocyclyl” means a non-aromatic saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or spirocyclic ring system comprising up to 7 atoms in each ring, or contains 3 to 14, or 5 to 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, for example, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphor or sulfur, alone or in combination. There are no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system. Preferred heterocyclyls contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms. The heterocycle may be fused with an aromatic aryl group such as phenyl or heterocyclenyl. The heterocyclyl is optionally bridged (i.e., forming a bicyclic moiety), for example with a methylene, ethylene or propylene bridge. The prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclyl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom, respectively, is present as a ring atom. The nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. Non-limiting examples of suitable monocyclic heterocyclyl rings include piperidyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, lactam, lactone, and the like. “Heterocyclyl” also includes heterocyclyl rings as described above wherein ═O replaces two available hydrogens on the same ring carbon atom. An example of such a moiety is pyrrolidone:

In describing the heteroatoms contained in a specified heterocyclyl group, the expression, “having one to x heteroatoms selected from the group of N, O, P and S” (wherein x is a specified integer), for example, means that each heteroatom in the specified heterocyclyl is independently selected from the specified selection of heteroatoms. Attachment of a heterocyclyl substituent can occur via a carbon atom or via a heteroatom. In cases where the heterocyclyl substituent is bicyclic and one ring is aromatic, unsaturated and/or contains no heteroatoms, in one embodiment, attachment is via the heteroatom containing non-aromatic saturated ring.

“Heterocyclenyl” means a non-aromatic unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or spirocyclic ring system comprising up to 7 atoms in each ring. Preferably, the heterocyclenyl contains 3 to 14, or 5 to 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is an element other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atom, alone or in combination, and which contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-nitrogen double bond. There are no adjacent oxygen and/or sulfur atoms present in the ring system. Preferred heterocyclenyl rings contain about 5 to about 6 ring atoms. The heterocyclenyl is optionally bridged (i.e., forming a bicyclic moiety), for example with a methylene, ethylene or propylene bridge. The prefix aza, oxa or thia before the heterocyclenyl root name means that at least a nitrogen, oxygen, phosphor or sulfur atom respectively is present as a ring atom. The nitrogen or sulfur atom of the heterocyclenyl can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, S-oxide or S,S-dioxide. Non-limiting examples of suitable heterocyclenyl groups include 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridinyl, 1,2-dihydropyridinyl, 1,4-dihydropyridinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridinyl, 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidinyl, 2-pyrrolinyl, 3-pyrrolinyl, 2-imidazolinyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, dihydroimidazolyl, dihydrooxazolyl, dihydrooxadiazolyl, dihydrothiazolyl, 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyranyl, dihydrofuranyl, fluorodihydrofuranyl, 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]heptenyl, dihydrothiophenyl, dihydrothiopyranyl, and the like. “Heterocyclenyl” also includes heterocyclenyl rings as described above wherein ═O replaces two available hydrogens on the same ring carbon atom. An example of such a moiety is pyrrolidinone:

In describing the heteroatoms contained in a specified heterocyclenyl group, the expression, “having one to x heteroatoms selected from the group of N, O, P and S” (wherein x is an a specified integer), for example, means that each heteroatom in the specified heterocyclenyl is independently selected from the specified selection of heteroatoms. In cases where the heterocyclenyl substituent is bicyclic and one ring is aromatic, saturated and/or contains no heteroatoms, in one embodiment, attachment is via the heteroatom containing non-aromatic unsaturated ring.

It should also be noted that tautomeric forms such as, for example, the moieties:

are considered equivalent in certain embodiments of this invention.

An “alkylaryl group” is an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group, for example, a phenyl group. Suitable aryl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein. The bond to the parent moiety is through the aryl group.

An “alkylheteroaryl group” is an alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group. Suitable heteroaryl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein. The bond to the parent moiety is through the heteroaryl group.

An “alkylheterocyclyl group” is an alkyl group substituted with a heterocyclyl group. Suitable heterocyclyl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein. The bond to the parent moiety is through the heterocyclyl group.

An “alkylheterocyclenyl group” is an alkyl group substituted with a heterocyclenyl group. Suitable heterocyclenyl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein. The bond to the parent moiety is through the heterocyclenyl group.

An “alkylcycloalkyl group” is an alkyl group substituted with a cycloalkyl group. Suitable cycloalkyl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein. The bond to the parent moiety is through the cycloalkyl group.

An “arylalkyl group” is an aryl group substituted with an alkyl group. Suitable aryl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl group.

A “heteroarylalkyl group” is a heteroaryl group substituted with an alkyl group. Suitable heteroaryl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl group.

A “heterocyclylalkyl group” is a heterocyclyl group substituted with an alkyl group. Suitable heterocyclyl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl group.

A “heterocyclenylalkyl group” is a heterocyclenyl group substituted with an alkyl group. Suitable heterocyclenyl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl group.

A “cycloalkylalkyl group” is a cycloalkyl group substituted with an alkyl group. Suitable cycloalkyl groups are described herein and suitable alkyl groups are described herein. The bond to the parent moiety is through the alkyl group.

An “aryloxy group” is an aryl group that is attached to a compound via an oxygen (e.g., phenoxy).

An “alkoxy group” (alkyloxy), as used herein, is a straight chain or branched C₁-C₁₂ or cyclic C₃-C₁₂ alkyl group that is connected to a compound via an oxygen atom. Examples of alkoxy groups include but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy and propoxy.

An “arylalkoxy group” (arylalkyloxy) is an arylalkyl group that is attached to a compound via an oxygen on the alkyl portion of the arylalkyl (e.g., phenylmethoxy).

An “arylamino group” as used herein, is an aryl group that is attached to a compound via a nitrogen.

An “alkylamino group” as used herein, is an alkyl group that is attached to a compound via a nitrogen.

An “dialkylamino group” as used herein, is two alkyl groups that are attached to a compound via a nitrogen.

As used herein, an “arylalkylamino group” is an arylalkyl group that is attached to a compound via a nitrogen on the alkyl portion of the arylalkyl.

An “alkylsulfonyl group” as used herein, is an alkyl group that is attached to a compound via the sulfur of a sulfonyl group.

A “haloalkyl group” as used herein, is an alkyl group substituted with a halo group, which is attached to a compound via the alkyl group.

A “hydroxyalkyl group” as used herein, is an alkyl group substituted with a hydroxy group, which is attached to a compound via the alkyl group.

When a moiety is referred to as “unsubstituted” or not referred to as “substituted” or “optionally substituted”, it means that the moiety does not have any substituents. When a moiety is referred to as substituted, it denotes that any portion of the moiety that is known to one skilled in the art as being available for substitution can be substituted. The phrase a group “optionally substituted with” substituent1, etc., or substituent2; substituent selected from the group consisting of substituent1, etc., and substituent2, means the group can be optionally substituted with one or more of the substituents, one substituent, two substituents, three substituents, four substituents or five substituents. For example, the substitutable group can be a hydrogen atom that is replaced with a group other than hydrogen (i.e., a substituent group). Multiple substituent groups can be present. When multiple substituents are present, the substituents can be the same or different and substitution can be at any of the substitutable sites. Such means for substitution are well known in the art. For purposes of exemplification, which should not be construed as limiting the scope of this invention, some examples of groups that are substituents are: alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl groups (which can also be substituted, with one or more substituents), alkoxy groups (which can be substituted), a halogen or halo group (F, Cl, Br, I), hydroxy, nitro, oxo, —CN, —COH, —COOH, amino, azido, N-alkylamino or N,N-dialkylamino (in which the alkyl groups can also be substituted), N-arylamino or N,N-diarylamino (in which the aryl groups can also be substituted), esters (—C(O)—OR, where R can be a group such as alkyl, aryl, etc., which can be substituted), ureas (—NHC(O)—NHR, where R can be a group such as alkyl, aryl, etc., which can be substituted), carbamates (—NHC(O)—OR, where R can be a group such as alkyl, aryl, etc., which can be substituted), sulfonamides (—NHS(O)₂R, where R can be a group such as alkyl, aryl, etc., which can be substituted), alkylsulfonyl (which can be substituted), aryl (which can be substituted), cycloalkyl (which can be substituted)alkylaryl (which can be substituted), alkylheterocyclyl (which can be substituted), alkylcycloalkyl (which can be substituted), and aryloxy.

It should also be noted that any carbon as well as heteroatom with unsatisfied valences in the text, schemes, examples and Tables herein is assumed to have the sufficient number of hydrogen atom(s) to satisfy the valences.

When a functional group in a compound is termed “protected”, this means that the group is in modified form to preclude undesired side reactions at the protected site when the compound is subjected to a reaction. Suitable protecting groups will be recognized by those with ordinary skill in the art as well as by reference to standard textbooks such as, for example, T. W. Greene et al, Protective Groups in organic Synthesis (1991), Wiley, New York.

When any variable (e.g., aryl, heterocycle, R², etc.) occurs more than one time in any constituent or in Formula I, its definition on each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other occurrence.

As used herein, “a,” an” and “the” include singular and plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “an active agent” or “a pharmacologically active agent” includes a single active agent as well a two or more different active agents in combination, reference to “a carrier” includes mixtures of two or more carriers as well as a single carrier, and the like.

As used herein, the term “composition” is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

Isotopes

In the compounds of generic Formula I, the atoms may exhibit their natural isotopic abundances, or one or more of the atoms may be artificially enriched in a particular isotope having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number predominantly found in nature. The present invention is meant to include all suitable isotopic variations of the compounds of generic Formula I. For example, different isotopic forms of hydrogen (H) include protium (1H) and deuterium (2H). Protium is the predominant hydrogen isotope found in nature. Enriching for deuterium may afford certain therapeutic advantages, such as increasing in vivo half-life or reducing dosage requirements, or may provide a compound useful as a standard for characterization of biological samples. Isotopically-enriched compounds within generic Formula I can be prepared without undue experimentation by conventional techniques well known to those skilled in the art or by processes analogous to those described in the Schemes and Examples herein using appropriate isotopically-enriched reagents and/or intermediates.

Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of Formula (I) (e.g., those labeled with ³H and ¹⁴C) are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated (i.e., ³H) and carbon-14 (i.e., ¹⁴C) isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Certain isotopically-labelled compounds of Formula (I) can be useful for medical imaging purposes. For instance those compounds labeled with positron-emitting isotopes like ¹¹C or ¹⁸F can be useful for application in Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and those labeled with gamma ray emitting isotopes like ¹²³I can be useful for application in Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT). Additionally, isotopic substitution of a compound at a site where epimerization occurs may slow or reduce the epimerization process and thereby retain the more active or efficacious form of the compound for a longer period of time.

Stereochemistry

When structures of the same constitution differ in respect to the spatial arrangement of certain atoms or groups, they are stereoisomers, and the considerations that are significant in analyzing their interrelationships are topological. If the relationship between two stereoisomers is that of an object and its nonsuperimposable mirror image, the two structures are enantiomeric, and each structure is said to be chiral. Stereoisomers also include diastereomers, cis-trans isomers and conformational isomers. Diastereoisomers can be chiral or achiral, and are not mirror images of one another. Cis-trans isomers differ only in the positions of atoms relative to a specified planes in cases where these atoms are, or are considered as if they were, parts of a rigid structure. Conformational isomers are isomers that can be interconverted by rotations about formally single bonds. Examples of such conformational isomers include cyclohexane conformations with chair and boat conformers, carbohydrates, linear alkane conformations with staggered, eclipsed and gauche conformers, etc. See J. Org. Chem. 35, 2849 (1970).

Many organic compounds exist in optically active forms having the ability to rotate the plane of plane-polarized light. In describing an optically active compound, the prefixes D and L or R and S are used to denote the absolute configuration of the molecule about its chiral center(s). The prefixes d and l or (+) and (−) are employed to designate the sign of rotation of plane-polarized light by the compound, with (−) or meaning that the compound is levorotatory. A compound prefixed with (+) or d is dextrorotatory. For a given chemical structure, enantiomers are identical except that they are non-superimposable mirror images of one another. A mixture of enantiomers is often called an enantiomeric mixture. A 50:50 mixture of enantiomers is referred to as a racemic mixture. Many of the compounds described herein can have one or more chiral centers and therefore can exist in different enantiomeric forms. If desired, a chiral carbon can be designated with an asterisk (*). When bonds to the chiral carbon are depicted as straight lines in the Formulas of the invention, it is understood that both the (R) and (S) configurations of the chiral carbon, and hence both enantiomers and mixtures thereof, are embraced within the Formula. As is used in the art, when it is desired to specify the absolute configuration about a chiral carbon, one of the bonds to the chiral carbon can be depicted as a wedge (bonds to atoms above the plane) and the other can be depicted as a series or wedge of short parallel lines (bonds to atoms below the plane). The Cahn-Inglod-Prelog system can be used to assign the (R) or (S) configuration to a chiral carbon.

When the compounds of the present invention contain one chiral center, the compounds exist in two enantiomeric forms and the present invention includes both enantiomers and mixtures of enantiomers, such as the specific 50:50 mixture referred to as a racemic mixtures. The enantiomers can be resolved by methods known to those skilled in the art, such as formation of diastereoisomeric salts which may be separated, for example, by crystallization (see, CRC Handbook of Optical Resolutions via Diastereomeric Salt Formation by David Kozma (CRC Press, 2001)); formation of diastereoisomeric derivatives or complexes which may be separated, for example, by crystallization, gas-liquid or liquid chromatography; selective reaction of one enantiomer with an enantiomer-specific reagent, for example enzymatic esterification; or gas-liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiral environment, for example on a chiral support for example silica with a bound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent. It will be appreciated that where the desired enantiomer is converted into another chemical entity by one of the separation procedures described above, a further step is required to liberate the desired enantiomeric form. Alternatively, specific enantiomers may be synthesized by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts or solvents, or by converting one enantiomer into the other by asymmetric transformation.

Designation of a specific absolute configuration at a chiral carbon of the compounds of the invention is understood to mean that the designated enantiomeric form of the compounds is in enantiomeric excess (ee) or in other words is substantially free from the other enantiomer. For example, the “R” forms of the compounds are substantially free from the “S” forms of the compounds and are, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the “S” forms. Conversely, “S” forms of the compounds are substantially free of “R” forms of the compounds and are, thus, in enantiomeric excess of the “R” forms. Enantiomeric excess, as used herein, is the presence of a particular enantiomer at greater than 50%. In a particular embodiment when a specific absolute configuration is designated, the enantiomeric excess of depicted compounds is at least about 90%.

When a compound of the present invention has two or more chiral carbons it can have more than two optical isomers and can exist in diastereoisomeric forms. For example, when there are two chiral carbons, the compound can have up to 4 optical isomers and 2 pairs of enantiomers ((S,S)/(R,R) and (R,S)/(S,R)). The pairs of enantiomers (e.g., (S,S)/(R,R)) are mirror image stereoisomers of one another. The stereoisomers that are not mirror-images (e.g., (S,S) and (R,S)) are diastereomers. The diastereoisomeric pairs may be separated by methods known to those skilled in the art, for example chromatography or crystallization and the individual enantiomers within each pair may be separated as described above. The present invention includes each diastereoisomer of such compounds and mixtures thereof.

Solvates

One or more compounds of the invention may exist in unsolvated as well as solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the invention embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms. “Solvate” means a physical association of a compound of this invention with one or more solvent molecules. This physical association involves varying degrees of ionic and covalent bonding, including hydrogen bonding. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. “Solvate” encompasses both solution-phase and isolatable solvates. Non-limiting examples of suitable solvates include ethanolates, methanolates, and the like. Solvents to prepare solvates include but are not limited to acetic acid, acetone, anisole, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, butyl acetate, tert-butylmethyl ether, cumene, heptane, isobutyl acetate, methyl acetate, 3-methyl-1-butanol, methylethyl ketone, methylisobutyl ketone, 2-methyl-1-propanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethanol, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, ethyl formate, formic acid, pentane, 1-pentanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, propyl acetate and propylene glycol. “Hydrate” is a solvate wherein the solvent molecule is H₂O.

One or more compounds of the invention may optionally be converted to a solvate. Preparation of solvates is generally known. Thus, for example, M. Caira et al, J. Pharmaceutical Sci., 93(3), 601-611 (2004) describe the preparation of the solvates of the antifungal fluconazole in ethyl acetate as well as from water. Similar preparations of solvates, hemisolvate, hydrates and the like are described by E. C. van Tonder et al, AAPS PharmSciTech., 5(1), article 12 (2004); and A. L. Bingham et al, Chem. Commun., 603-604 (2001). A typical, non-limiting, process involves dissolving the inventive compound in desired amounts of the desired solvent (organic or water or mixtures thereof) at a higher than ambient temperature, and cooling the solution at a rate sufficient to form crystals which are then isolated by standard methods. Analytical techniques such as, for example I. R. spectroscopy, show the presence of the solvent (or water) in the crystals as a solvate (or hydrate).

The active compounds disclosed can also be prepared in any solid or liquid physical form. For example, the compound can be in a crystalline form, in amorphous form, and have any particle size. Furthermore, the compound particles may be micronized, or may be agglomerated, particulate granules, powders, oils, oily suspensions or any other form of solid or liquid physical form.

The compounds of the present invention may also exhibit polymorphism. This invention further includes different polymorphs of the compounds of the present invention. The term “polymorph” refers to a particular crystalline state of a substance, having particular physical properties such as X-ray diffraction, IR spectra, melting point, and the like.

Pharmaceutically Acceptable Salts

The compounds of Formula I can form salts which are also within the scope of this invention. Reference to a compound of Formula I herein is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated. The term “salt(s)”, as employed herein, denotes acidic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids, as well as basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic bases. In addition, when a compound of Formula I contains both a basic moiety, such as, but not limited to a pyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety, such as, but not limited to a carboxylic acid, zwitterions (“inner salts”) may be formed and are included within the term “salt(s)” as used herein. Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred, although other salts are also useful. Salts of the compounds of the Formula I may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound of Formula I with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.

Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates, ascorbates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, fumarates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates, nitrates, oxalates, phosphates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates, tartarates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates (also known as tosylates) and the like. Additionally, acids which are generally considered suitable for the formation of pharmaceutically useful salts from basic pharmaceutical compounds are discussed, for example, by P. Stahl et al, Camille G. (eds.) Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts. Properties, Selection and Use. (2002) Zurich: Wiley-VCH; S. Berge et al, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (1977) 66(1) 1-19; P. Gould, International J. of Pharmaceutics (1986) 33 201-217; Anderson et al, The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry (1996), Academic Press, New York; and in The Orange Book (Food & Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. on their website).

Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, zinc salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as N-Me-D-glucamine, Choline, tromethamine, dicyclohexylamines, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like. Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quarternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g. methyl, ethyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g. dimethyl, diethyl, and dibutyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g. decyl, lauryl, and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g. benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.

All such acid salts and base salts are intended to be pharmaceutically acceptable salts within the scope of the invention.

Compounds of Formula I, and salts, solvates thereof, may exist in their tautomeric form (for example, as an amide or imino ether). All such tautomeric forms are contemplated herein as part of the present invention.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

The term “pharmaceutical composition” is also intended to encompass both the bulk composition and individual dosage units comprised of more than one (e.g., two) pharmaceutically active agents such as, for example, a compound of the present invention and an additional agent selected from the lists of the additional agents described herein, along with any pharmaceutically inactive excipients. The bulk composition and each individual dosage unit can contain fixed amounts of the afore-said “more than one pharmaceutically active agents”. The bulk composition is material that has not yet been formed into individual dosage units. An illustrative dosage unit is an oral dosage unit such as tablets, pills and the like. Similarly, the herein-described potential method of treating a patient by administering a pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is also intended to encompass the administration of the afore-said bulk composition and individual dosage units.

Isolation of the compound at various stages of the reaction may be achieved by standard techniques such as, for example, filtration, evaporation of solvent and the like. Purification of the product and the like, may also be performed by standard techniques such as recrystallization, distillation, sublimation, chromatography, conversion to a suitable derivative. Such techniques are well known to those skilled in the art. The compounds of this invention may be analyzed for their composition and purity as well as characterized by standard analytical techniques such as, for example, elemental analysis, NMR, mass spectroscopy, and IR spectra.

In another embodiment, this invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the invention as an active ingredient. The pharmaceutical compositions generally additionally comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier diluent, excipient or carrier (collectively referred to herein as carrier materials).

In yet another embodiment, the present invention discloses methods for preparing pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds as an active ingredient. In the pharmaceutical compositions and methods of the present invention, the active ingredients will typically be administered in admixture with suitable carrier materials suitably selected with respect to the intended form of administration, i.e. oral tablets, capsules (either solid-filled, semi-solid filled or liquid filled), powders for constitution, oral gels, elixirs, dispersible granules, syrups, suspensions, and the like, and consistent with conventional pharmaceutical practices. For example, for oral administration in the form of tablets or capsules, the active drug component may be combined with any oral non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier, such as lactose, starch, sucrose, cellulose, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, talc, mannitol, ethyl alcohol (liquid forms) and the like. Moreover, when desired or needed, suitable binders, lubricants, disintegrating agents and coloring agents may also be incorporated in the mixture. Powders and tablets may be comprised of from about 5 to about 95 percent inventive composition. Suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol and waxes. Lubricants in these dosage forms include boric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride, and the like. Disintegrants include starch, methylcellulose, guar gum and the like. Sweetening and flavoring agents and preservatives may also be included where appropriate. Some of the terms noted above, namely disintegrants, diluents, lubricants, binders and the like, are discussed in more detail below.

Additionally, the compositions of the present invention may be formulated in sustained release form to provide the rate controlled release of any one or more of the components or active ingredients to optimize the therapeutic effects. Suitable dosage forms for sustained release include layered tablets containing layers of varying disintegration rates or controlled release polymeric matrices impregnated with the active components and shaped in tablet form or capsules containing such impregnated or encapsulated porous polymeric matrices.

Liquid form preparations include solutions, suspensions and emulsions. For example, water or water-propylene glycol solutions may be included for parenteral injections or sweeteners and pacifiers may be added for oral solutions, suspensions and emulsions. Liquid form preparations may also include solutions for intranasal administration.

Aerosol preparations suitable for inhalation may include solutions and solids in powder form, which may be in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier such as inert compressed gas, e.g. nitrogen.

For preparing suppositories, a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides such as cocoa butter is first melted, and the active ingredient is dispersed homogeneously therein by stirring or similar mixing. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds, allowed to cool to solidify.

Also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted, shortly before use, to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration. Such liquid forms include solutions, suspensions and emulsions.

The compounds of the invention may also be deliverable transdermally. The transdermal compositions may take the form of creams, lotions, aerosols and/or emulsions and can be included in a transdermal patch of the matrix or reservoir type as are conventional in the art for this purpose.

Preferably the compound is administered orally.

Preferably, the pharmaceutical preparation is in a unit dosage form. In such form, the preparation is subdivided into suitably sized unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active components, e.g., an effective amount to achieve the desired purpose.

The quantity of the inventive active composition in a unit dose of preparation may be generally varied or adjusted from about 1.0 milligram to about 1,000 milligrams, preferably from about 1.0 to about 500 milligrams, and typically from about 1 to about 250 milligrams, according to the particular application. The actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the patient's age, sex, weight and severity of the condition being treated. Such techniques are well known to those skilled in the art.

The actual dosage employed may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient and the severity of the condition being treated. Determination of the proper dosage regimen for a particular situation is within the skill of the art. For convenience, the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day as required.

Generally, the human oral dosage form containing the active ingredients can be administered 1 or 2 times per day. The amount and frequency of the administration will be regulated according to the judgment of the attending clinician. A generally recommended daily dosage regimen for oral administration may range from about 1.0 milligram to about 1,000 milligrams per day, in single or divided doses.

Another aspect of this invention is a kit comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of said compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, vehicle or diluent.

Yet another aspect of this invention is a kit comprising an amount of at least one compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of said compound and an amount of at least one anticancer therapy and/or anti-cancer agent described below, wherein the amounts of the two or more ingredients result in desired therapeutic effect.

Capsule—refers to a special container or enclosure made of methyl cellulose, polyvinyl alcohols, or denatured gelatins or starch for holding or containing compositions comprising the active ingredients. Hard shell capsules are typically made of blends of relatively high gel strength bone and pork skin gelatins. The capsule itself may contain small amounts of dyes, opaquing agents, plasticizers and preservatives.

Tablet—refers to a compressed or molded solid dosage form containing the active ingredients with suitable diluents. The tablet can be prepared by compression of mixtures or granulations obtained by wet granulation, dry granulation or by compaction.

Oral gels—refer to the active ingredients dispersed or solubilized in a hydrophillic semi-solid matrix.

Powders for constitution refer to powder blends containing the active ingredients and suitable diluents which can be suspended in water or juices.

Diluent—refers to substances that usually make up the major portion of the composition or dosage form. Suitable diluents include but are not limited to sugars such as lactose, sucrose, mannitol and sorbitol; starches derived from wheat, corn, rice and potato; and celluloses such as microcrystalline cellulose. The amount of diluent in the composition can range from about 10 to about 90% by weight of the total composition.

Disintegrants—refers to materials added to the composition to help it break apart (disintegrate) and release the medicaments. Suitable disintegrants include but are not limited to modified starches such as sodium carboxymethyl starch; methylcellulose, microcrystalline celluloses and sodium croscarmellose; and sodium alginate. The amount of disintegrant in the composition can range from about 2 to about 10% by weight of the composition.

Lubricant—refers to a substance added to the dosage form to enable the tablet, granules, etc. after it has been compressed, to release from the mold or die by reducing friction or wear. Suitable lubricants include metallic stearates such as magnesium stearate, calcium stearate or potassium stearate; stearic acid; high melting point waxes; and water soluble lubricants such as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and d,l-leucine. Lubricants are usually added at the very last step before compression, since they must be present on the surfaces of the granules and in between them and the parts of the tablet press. The amount of lubricant in the composition can range from about 0.2 to about 5% by weight of the composition.

Glidents—materials that prevent caking and improve the flow characteristics of granulations, so that flow is smooth and uniform. Suitable glidents include silicon dioxide and talc. The amount of glident in the composition can range from about 0.1% to about 5% by weight of the total composition.

Coloring agents—excipients that provide coloration to the composition or the dosage form. Such excipients can include food grade dyes and food grade dyes adsorbed onto a suitable adsorbent such as clay or aluminum oxide. The amount of the coloring agent can vary from about 0.1 to about 5% by weight of the composition.

Conventional methods for preparing tablets are known. Such methods include dry methods such as direct compression and compression of granulation produced by compaction, or wet methods or other special procedures. Conventional methods for making other forms for administration such as, for example, capsules, suppositories and the like are also well known.

Method of Treatment

HDM2, Hdm2, hDM2, and hdm2 are all equivalent representations of the Human Double Minute 2 protein. Likewise, MDM2, Mdm2, mDM2, and mdm2 are all equivalent representations mouse Double Minute 2 protein.

The compounds of Formula I can be inhibitors or antagonists of the Human or Mouse Double Minute 2 protein interaction with p53 protein and it can be activators of the p53 protein in cells. Furthermore, the pharmacological properties of the compounds of Formula I may be useful to treat or prevent cancer, treat or prevent other disease states associated with abnormal cell proliferation, and treat or prevent diseases resulting from inadequate levels of p53 protein in cells.

Those skilled in the art will realize that the term “cancer” to be the name for diseases in which the body's cells become abnormal and divide without control.

Cancers that may be treated by the compounds, compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to: Cardiac: sarcoma (angiosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, liposarcoma), myxoma, rhabdomyoma, fibroma, lipoma and teratoma; Lung: bronchogenic carcinoma (squamous cell, undifferentiated small cell, undifferentiated large cell, adenocarcinoma), alveolar (bronchiolar) carcinoma, bronchial adenoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, chondromatous hamartoma, mesothelioma; Gastrointestinal: esophagus (squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, leiomyosarcoma, lymphoma), stomach (carcinoma, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma), pancreas (ductal adenocarcinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, gastrinoma, carcinoid tumors, vipoma), small bowel (adenocarcinoma, lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, Karposi's sarcoma, leiomyoma, hemangioma, lipoma, neurofibroma, fibroma), large bowel (adenocarcinoma, tubular adenoma, villous adenoma, hamartoma, leiomyoma) colorectal; Genitourinary tract: kidney (adenocarcinoma, Wilm's tumor [nephroblastoma], lymphoma, leukemia), bladder and urethra (squamous cell carcinoma, transitional cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma), prostate (adenocarcinoma, sarcoma), testis (seminoma, teratoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratocarcinoma, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma, interstitial cell carcinoma, fibroma, fibroadenoma, adenomatoid tumors, lipoma); Liver: hepatoma (hepatocellular carcinoma), cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma, hepatocellular adenoma, hemangioma; Bone: osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma), fibrosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, chondrosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (reticulum cell sarcoma), multiple myeloma, malignant giant cell tumor chordoma, osteochronfroma (osteocartilaginous exostoses), benign chondroma, chondroblastoma, chondromyxofibroma, osteoid osteoma and giant cell tumors; Nervous system: skull (osteoma, hemangioma, granuloma, xanthoma, osteitis deformans), meninges (meningioma, meningiosarcoma, gliomatosis), brain (astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, glioma, ependymoma, germinoma [pinealoma], glioblastoma multiform, oligodendroglioma, schwannoma, retinoblastoma, congenital tumors), spinal cord neurofibroma, meningioma, glioma, sarcoma); Gynecological: uterus (endometrial carcinoma), cervix (cervical carcinoma, pre-tumor cervical dysplasia), ovaries (ovarian carcinoma [serous cystadenocarcinoma, mucinous cystadenocarcinoma, unclassified carcinoma], granulosa-thecal cell tumors, Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors, dysgerminoma, malignant teratoma), vulva (squamous cell carcinoma, intraepithelial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, fibrosarcoma, melanoma), vagina (clear cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, botryoid sarcoma (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma), fallopian tubes (carcinoma), breast; Hematologic: blood (myeloid leukemia [acute and chronic], acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, myeloproliferative diseases, multiple myeloma, myelodysplastic syndrome), Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma [malignant lymphoma]; Skin: malignant melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Karposi's sarcoma, moles dysplastic nevi, lipoma, angioma, dermatofibroma, keloids, psoriasis; and Adrenal glands: neuroblastoma. Thus, the term “cancerous cell” as provided herein, includes a cell afflicted by any one of the above-identified conditions.

In one embodiment, cancers that may be treated by the compounds, compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to: lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, myeloid leukemias, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, thyroid cancer, myelodysplastic syndrome, bladder carcinoma, epidermal carcinoma, melanoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancers, ovarian cancer, brain cancers, cancers of mesenchymal origin, sarcomas, tetracarcinomas, neuroblastomas, kidney carcinomas, hepatomas, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

In another embodiment, cancers that may be treated by the compounds, compositions and methods of the invention include, but are not limited to: breast, prostate, colon, colorectal, lung, brain, testicular, stomach, pancrease, skin, small intestine, large intestine, throat, head and neck, oral, bone, liver, bladder, kidney, thyroid and blood.

In another embodiment, cancers that may be treated by the compounds, compositions and methods of the invention include breast, prostate, colon, ovary, endometrium and thyroid.

In another embodiment, cancers that may be treated by the compositions and methods of the invention include acute myeloid leukemia (AML), liposarcoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and melanoma.

In a further embodiment, cancers that may be treated by the compositions and methods of the invention include hematological malignancies, for example acute myeloid leukemia.

In a further embodiment, cancers that may be treated by the compositions and methods of the invention include acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), lymphoma, lung, breast and glioblastoma.

The compounds of the invention are also useful in preparing a medicament that can be useful in treating cancer. In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention are for the potential treatment of cancer.

The compounds of Formula I can be useful to the treatment of a variety of cancers, including, but not limited to: carcinoma, including, but not limited to, of the bladder, breast, colon, rectum, endometrium, kidney, liver, lung, head and neck, esophagus, gall bladder, cervix, pancreas, prostrate, larynx, ovaries, stomach, uterus, sarcoma and thyroid cancer; hematopoietic tumors of the lymphoid lineage, including leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, T-cell lymphoma, Hodgkins lymphoma, non-Hodgkins lymphoma, hairy cell lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, myeloma, and Burkett's lymphoma; hematopoetic tumors of myeloid lineage, including acute and chronic myelogenous leukemias, myelodysplastic syndrome and promyelocytic leukemia; tumors of mesenchymal origin, including fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma; tumors of the central and peripheral nervous system, including astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, glioma, and schwannomas; and other tumors, including melanoma, skin (non-melanomal) cancer, mesothelioma (cells), seminoma, teratocarcinoma, osteosarcoma, xenoderoma pigmentosum, keratoctanthoma, thyroid follicular cancer and Kaposi's sarcoma.

Due to the key role of p53 in the regulation of cellular apoptosis (cell death), the compounds of Formula I could act as agent to induce cell death which may be useful in the treatment of any disease process which features abnormal cellular proliferation eg, cancers of various origin and tissue types, inflammation, immunological disorders.

Due to the key role of HDM2 and p53 in the regulation of cellular proliferation, the compounds of Formula I could act as reversible cytostatic agents which may be useful in the treatment of any disease process which features abnormal cellular proliferation, inhibitors could act as reversible cytostatic agents which may be useful in the treatment of any disease process which features abnormal cell proliferation, e.g., benign prostate hyperplasia, familial adenomatosis polyposis, neuro-fibromatosis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary fibrosis, arthritis, psoriasis, glomerulonephritis, restenosis following angioplasty, or vascular surgery, hypertrophic scar formation, inflammatory bowel disease, transplantation rejection, endotoxic shock, and fungal infections.

Compounds of Formula I may also be useful in the chemoprevention of cancer. Chemoprevention is defined as inhibiting the development of invasive cancer by either blocking the initiating mutagenic event by blocking the progression of pre-malignant cells that have already suffered an insult or inhibiting tumor relapse.

Compounds of Formula I may also be useful in inhibiting tumor angiogenesis and metastasis.

Another aspect of this invention is a potential method of treating a mammal (e.g., human) having a disease or condition associated with HDM2 by administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of said compound to the mammal.

The invention also provides a method of inhibiting one or more HDM2 proteins in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Another aspect of the present invention is a potential method of treating, or slowing the progression of a disease associated with one or more HDM2 proteins in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Another aspect of the present invention is a potential method of treating, or slowing the progression of a disease associated with inadequate p53 levels in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is a potential method of treating one or more diseases associated with HDM2, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an amount of a first compound, which is a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; and an amount of at least one second compound, the second compound being an anti-cancer agent, wherein the amounts of the first compound and the second compound result in a therapeutic effect.

Another aspect of the present invention is a potential method of treating one or more diseases associated with inadequate p53 levels, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an amount of a first compound, which is a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; and an amount of at least one second compound, the second compound being an anti-cancer agent, wherein the amounts of the first compound and the second compound result in a therapeutic effect.

Another aspect of the present invention is a potential method of treating, or slowing the progression of, a disease associated with a HDM2 protein comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising in combination at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound according to the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

Another aspect of the present invention is a potential method of treating, or slowing the progression of, a disease associated with inadequate p53 levels in a patient, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition comprising in combination at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and at least one compound according to the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.

In one embodiment, the dosage is about 0.001 to 500 mg/kg of body weight/day of the compound of Formula I. In another embodiment, the dosage is about 0.01 to 25 mg/kg of body weight/day of a compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate of said compound.

“Effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” is meant to describe an amount of compound or a composition of the present invention effective in inhibiting the above-noted diseases and thus producing the desired therapeutic, ameliorative, inhibitory or preventative effect.

“Patient” includes both human and animals.

“Mammal” means humans and other mammalian animals.

Combination Therapy

The instant compounds are also useful in combination with therapeutic, chemotherapeutic and anti-cancer agents. Combinations of the presently disclosed compounds with therapeutic, chemotherapeutic and anti-cancer agents are within the scope of the invention. Examples of such agents can be found in Cancer Principles and Practice of Oncology by V. T. Devita and S. Hellman (editors), 6^(th) edition (Feb. 15, 2001), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers. A person of ordinary skill in the art would be able to discern which combinations of agents would be useful based on the particular characteristics of the drugs and the cancer involved. Such agents include the following: estrogen receptor modulators, androgen receptor modulators, retinoid receptor modulators, cytotoxic/cytostatic agents, antiproliferative agents, prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and other angiogenesis inhibitors, HIV protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, inhibitors of cell proliferation and survival signaling, bisphosphonates, aromatase inhibitors, siRNA therapeutics, γ-secretase inhibitors, agents that interfere with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and agents that interfere with cell cycle checkpoints. The instant compounds are also useful when co-administered with radiation therapy. The compounds of the present invention can be present in the same dosage unit as the anticancer agent or in separate dosage units.

Another aspect of the present invention is a potential method of treating one or more diseases associated with HDM2, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an amount of a first compound, which is a compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; and an amount of at least one second compound, the second compound being an anti-cancer agent different from the compounds of the present invention, wherein the amounts of the first compound and the second compound result in a therapeutic effect.

Non-limiting examples of suitable anti-cancer agents include cytostatic agents, cytotoxic agents, targeted therapeutic agents (small molecules, biologics, siRNA and microRNA) against cancer and neoplastic diseases,

-   -   1) anti-metabolites (such as methoxtrexate, 5-fluorouracil,         gemcitabine, fludarabine, capecitabine);     -   2) alkylating agents, such as temozolomide, cyclophosphamide,     -   3) DNA interactive and DNA damaging agents, such as cisplatin,         oxaliplatin, doxorubicin,     -   4) Ionizing irradiation, such as radiation therapy,     -   5) topoisomerase II inhibitors, such as etoposide, doxorubicin,     -   6) topoisomerase I inhibitors, such as irinotecan, topotecan,     -   7) tubulin interacting agents, such as paclitaxel, docetaxel,         Abraxane, epothilones,     -   8) kinesin spindle protein inhibitors,     -   9) spindle checkpoint inhibitors,     -   10) Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, such as         olaparib, MK-4827 and veliparib     -   11) Matrix metalloprotease (MMP) inhibitors     -   12) Protease inhibitors, such as cathepsin D and cathepsin K         inhibitors     -   13) Proteosome or ubiquitination inhibitors, such as bortezomib,     -   14) Activator of mutant p53 to restore its wild-type p53         activity     -   15) Adenoviral-p53     -   16) Bcl-2 inhibitors, such as ABT-263     -   17) Heat shock protein (HSP) modulators, such as geldanamycin         and 17-AAG     -   18) Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, such as vorinostat         (SAHA),     -   19) sex hormone modulating agents,         -   a. anti-estrogens, such as tamoxifen, fulvestrant,         -   b. selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), such as             raloxifene,         -   c. anti-androgens, such as bicalutamide, flutamide         -   d. LHRH agonists, such as leuprolide,         -   e. 5α-reductase inhibitors, such as finasteride,         -   f. Cytochrome P450 C17 lyase (CYP450c17, also called             17α-hydroxylase/17,20 lysase) inhibitors, such as             Abiraterone acetate, VN/124-1, TAK-700         -   g. aromatase inhibitors, such as letrozole, anastrozole,             exemestane,     -   20) EGFR kinase inhibitors, such as geftinib, erlotinib,         laptinib     -   21) dual erbB1 and erbB2 inhibitors, such as Lapatinib     -   22) multi-targeted kinases (serine/threonine and/or tyrosine         kinase) inhibitors,         -   a. ABL kinase inhibitors, imatinib and nilotinib, dasatinib         -   b. VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, PDGFR, KDR, FLT, c-Kit, Tie2, Raf, MEK             and ERK inhibitors, such as sunitinib, sorafenib,             Vandetanib, pazopanib, PLX-4032, Axitinib, PTK787,             GSK-1120212         -   c. Polo-like kinase inhibitors         -   d. Aurora kinase inhibitors         -   e. JAK inhibitor         -   f. c-MET kinase inhibitors         -   g. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, such as CDK1 and CDK2             inhibitor SCH 727965         -   h. PI3K and mTOR inhibitors, such as GDC-0941, BEZ-235,             BKM-120 and AZD-8055         -   i. Rapamycin and its analogs, such as Temsirolimus,             everolimus, and deforolimus     -   23) and other anti-cancer (also know as anti-neoplastic) agents         include but are not limited to ara-C, adriamycin, cytoxan,         Carboplatin, Uracil mustard, Clormethine, Ifosfsmide, Melphalan,         Chlorambucil, Pipobroman, Triethylenemelamine,         Triethylenethiophosphoramine, Busulfan, Carmustine, Lomustine,         Streptozocin, Dacarbazine, Floxuridine, Cytarabine,         6-Mercaptopurine, 6-Thioguanine, Fludarabine phosphate,         Pentostatine, Vinblastine, Vincristine, Vindesine, Vinorelbine,         Navelbine, Bleomycin, Dactinomycin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin,         Epirubicin, teniposide, cytarabine, pemetrexed, Idarubicin,         Mithramycin, Deoxycoformycin, Mitomycin-C, L-Asparaginase,         Teniposide, Ethinylestradiol, Diethylstilbestrol, Testosterone,         Prednisone, Fluoxymesterone, Dromostanolone propionate,         Testolactone, Megestrolacetate, Methylprednisolone,         Methyltestosterone, Prednisolone, Triamcinolone,         Chlorotrianisene, Hydroxyprogesterone, Aminoglutethimide,         Estramustine, Flutamide Medroxyprogesteroneacetate, Toremifene,         goserelin, Carboplatin, Hydroxyurea, Amsacrine, Procarbazine,         Mitotane, Mitoxantrone, Levamisole, Drolloxafine,         Hexamethylmelamine, Bexxar, Zevalin, Trisenox, Profimer,         Thiotepa, Altretamine, Doxil, Ontak, Depocyt, Aranesp, Neupogen,         Neulasta, Kepivance.     -   24) Farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors, such as, SARASAR™         (4-[2-[4-[(11R)-3,10-dibromo-8-chloro-6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridin-11-yl-]-1-piperidinyl]-2-oxoethyl]-piperidinecarboxamide,         tipifarnib     -   25) interferons, such as Intron A, Peg-Intron,     -   26) anti-erbB1 antibodies, such as cetuximab, panitumumab,     -   27) anti-erbB2 antibodies, such as trastuzumab,     -   28) anti-CD52 antibodies, such as Alemtuzumab,     -   29) anti-CD20 antibodies, such as Rituximab     -   30) anti-CD33 antibodies, such as Gemtuzumab ozogamicin     -   31) anti-VEGF antibodies, such as Avastin,     -   32) TRIAL ligands, such as Lexatumumab, mapatumumab, and AMG-655     -   33) Anti-CTLA-4 antibodies, such as ipilimumab     -   34) antibodies against CTA1, CEA, CD5, CD19, CD22, CD30, CD44,         CD44V6, CD55, CD56, EpCAM, FAP, MHCII, HGF, IL-6, MUC1, PSMA,         TALE, TAG-72, TRAILR, VEGFR, IGF-2, FGF,     -   35) anti-IGF-1R antibodies, such as dalotuzumab (MK-0646) and         robatumumab (SCH 717454).

If formulated as a fixed dose such combination products employ the compounds of this invention within the dosage range described herein and the other pharmaceutically active agent or treatment within its dosage range. Compounds of Formula I may also be administered sequentially with known anticancer or cytotoxic agents when a combination formulation is inappropriate. The invention is not limited in the sequence of administration; compounds of Formula I may be administered either concurrent with, prior to or after administration of the known anticancer or cytotoxic agent. Such techniques are within the skills of the persons skilled in the art as well as attending physicians.

Accordingly, in an aspect, this invention includes combinations comprising an amount of at least one compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and an amount of one or more anti-cancer treatments and anti-cancer agents listed above wherein the amounts of the compounds/treatments result in potential therapeutic effect.

“Estrogen receptor modulators” refers to compounds that interfere with or inhibit the binding of estrogen to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of estrogen receptor modulators include, but are not limited to, tamoxifen, raloxifene, idoxifene, LY353381, LY117081, toremifene, fulvestrant, 4-[7-(2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropoxy-4-methyl-2-[4-[2-(1-piperidinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl]-phenyl-2,2-dimethylpropanoate, 4,4′-dihydroxybenzophenone-2,4-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone, and SH646.

“Androgen receptor modulators” refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of androgens to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of androgen receptor modulators include finasteride and other 5α-reductase inhibitors, nilutamide, flutamide, bicalutamide, liarozole, and abiraterone acetate.

“Retinoid receptor modulators” refers to compounds which interfere or inhibit the binding of retinoids to the receptor, regardless of mechanism. Examples of such retinoid receptor modulators include bexarotene, tretinoin, 13-cis-retinoic acid, 9-cis-retinoic acid, α-difluoromethylornithine, ILX23-7553, trans-N-(4′-hydroxyphenyl) retinamide, and N-4-carboxyphenyl retinamide.

“Cytotoxic/cytostatic agents” refer to compounds which cause cell death or inhibit cell proliferation primarily by interfering directly with the cell's functioning or inhibit or interfere with cell myosis, including alkylating agents, tumor necrosis factors, intercalators, hypoxia activatable compounds, microtubule inhibitors/microtubule-stabilizing agents, inhibitors of mitotic kinesins, histone deacetylase inhibitors, inhibitors of kinases involved in mitotic progression, inhibitors of kinases involved in growth factor and cytokine signal transduction pathways, antimetabolites, biological response modifiers, hormonal/anti-hormonal therapeutic agents, haematopoietic growth factors, monoclonal antibody targeted therapeutic agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, proteosome inhibitors, ubiquitin ligase inhibitors, and aurora kinase inhibitors.

Examples of cytotoxic/cytostatic agents include, but are not limited to, platinum coordinator compounds, sertenef, cachectin, ifosfamide, tasonermin, lonidamine, carboplatin, altretamine, prednimustine, dibromodulcitol, ranimustine, fotemustine, nedaplatin, oxaliplatin, temozolomide, heptaplatin, estramustine, improsulfan tosilate, trofosfamide, nimustine, dibrospidium chloride, pumitepa, lobaplatin, satraplatin, profiromycin, cisplatin, irofulven, dexifosfamide, cis-aminedichloro(2-methyl-pyridine)platinum, benzylguanine, glufosfamide, GPX100, (trans, trans, trans)-bis-mu-(hexane-1,6-diamine)-mu-[diamine-platinum(II)]bis[diamine(chloro)platinum (II)]tetrachloride, diarizidinylspermine, arsenic trioxide, 1-(11-dodecylamino-10-hydroxyundecyl)-3,7-dimethylxanthine, zorubicin, idarubicin, daunorubicin, bisantrene, mitoxantrone, pirarubicin, pinafide, valrubicin, amrubicin, antineoplaston, 3′-deamino-3′-morpholino-13-deoxo-10-hydroxycarminomycin, annamycin, galarubicin, elinafide, MEN10755, 4-demethoxy-3-deamino-3-aziridinyl-4-methylsulphonyl-daunorubicin (see WO 00/50032).

An example of a hypoxia activatable compound is tirapazamine.

Examples of proteosome inhibitors include but are not limited to lactacystin and MLN-341 (Velcade).

Examples of microtubule inhibitors/microtubule-stabilising agents include taxanes in general. Specific compounds include paclitaxel (Taxol®), vindesine sulfate, 3′,4′-didehydro-4′-deoxy-8′-norvincaleukoblastine, docetaxol (Taxotere®), rhizoxin, dolastatin, mivobulin isethionate, auristatin, cemadotin, RPR109881, BMS184476, vinflunine, cryptophycin, 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-N-(3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)benzene sulfonamide, anhydrovinblastine, N,N-dimethyl-L-valyl-L-valyl-N-methyl-L-valyl-L-prolyl-L-proline-t-butylamide, TDX258, the epothilones (see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,284,781 and 6,288,237) and BMS188797.

Some examples of topoisomerase inhibitors are topotecan, hycaptamine, irinotecan, rubitecan, 6-ethoxypropionyl-3′,4′-O-exo-benzylidene-chartreusin, 9-methoxy-N,N-dimethyl-5-nitropyrazolo[3,4,5-kl]acridine-2-(6H) propanamine, 1-amino-9-ethyl-5-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-9-hydroxy-4-methyl-1H,12H-benzo[de]pyrano[3′,4′:b,7]-indolizino[1,2b]quinoline-10,13(9H,15H)dione, lurtotecan, 7-[2-(N-isopropylamino)ethyl]-(20S)camptothecin, BNP1350, BNPI1100, BN80915, BN80942, etoposide phosphate, teniposide, sobuzoxane, 2′-dimethylamino-2′-deoxy-etoposide, GL331, N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-9-hydroxy-5,6-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole-1-carboxamide, asulacrine, (5a,5aB,8aa,9b)-9-[2-[N-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-N-methylamino]ethyl]-5-[4-hydro0xy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl]-5,5a,6,8,8a,9-hexohydrofuro(3′,4′:6,7)naphtho(2,3-d)-1,3-dioxol-6-one, 2,3-(methylenedioxy)-5-methyl-7-hydroxy-8-methoxybenzo[c]-phenanthridinium, 6,9-bis[(2-aminoethyl)amino]benzo[g]isoguinoline-5,10-dione, 5-(3-aminopropylamino)-7,10-dihydroxy-2-(2-hydroxyethylaminomethyl)-6H-pyrazolo[4,5,1-de]acridin-6-one, N-[1-[2(diethylamino)ethylamino]-7-methoxy-9-oxo-9H-thioxanthen-4-ylmethyl]formamide, N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)acridine-4-carboxamide, 6-[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-3-hydroxy-7H-indeno[2,1-c]quinolin-7-one, and dimesna.

Examples of inhibitors of mitotic kinesins, and in particular the human mitotic kinesin KSP, are described in Publications WO03/039460, WO03/050064, WO03/050122, WO03/049527, WO03/049679, WO03/049678, WO04/039774, WO03/079973, WO03/099211, WO03/105855, WO03/106417, WO04/037171, WO04/058148, WO04/058700, WO04/126699, WO05/018638, WO05/019206, WO05/019205, WO05/018547, WO05/017190, US2005/0176776. In an embodiment inhibitors of mitotic kinesins include, but are not limited to inhibitors of KSP, inhibitors of MKLP1, inhibitors of CENP-E, inhibitors of MCAK and inhibitors of Rab6-KIFL.

Examples of “histone deacetylase inhibitors” include, but are not limited to, SAHA, TSA, oxamflatin, PXD101, MG98 and scriptaid. Further reference to other histone deacetylase inhibitors may be found in the following manuscript; Miller, T. A. et al. J. Med. Chem. 46(24):5097-5116 (2003).

“Inhibitors of kinases involved in mitotic progression” include, but are not limited to, inhibitors of aurora kinase, inhibitors of Polo-like kinases (PLK; in particular inhibitors of PLK-1), inhibitors of bub-1 and inhibitors of bub-R1. An example of an “aurora kinase inhibitor” is VX-680.

“Antiproliferative agents” includes antisense RNA and DNA oligonucleotides such as G3139, ODN698, RVASKRAS, GEM231, and INX3001, and antimetabolites such as enocitabine, carmofur, tegafur, pentostatin, doxifluridine, trimetrexate, fludarabine, capecitabine, galocitabine, cytarabine ocfosfate, fosteabine sodium hydrate, raltitrexed, paltitrexid, emitefur, tiazofurin, decitabine, nolatrexed, pemetrexed, nelzarabine, 2′-deoxy-2′-methylidenecytidine, 2′-fluoromethylene-2′-deoxycytidine, N-[5-(2,3-dihydro-benzofuryl)sulfonyl]-N′-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea, N6-[4-deoxy-4-[N2-[2(E),4(E)-tetradecadienoyl]glycylamino]-L-glycero-B-L-manno-heptopyranosyl]adenine, aplidine, ecteinascidin, troxacitabine, 4-[2-amino-4-oxo-4,6,7,8-tetrahydro-3H-pyrimidino[5,4-b][1,4]thiazin-6-yl-(S)-ethyl]-2,5-thienoyl-L-glutamic acid, aminopterin, 5-flurouracil, alanosine, 11-acetyl-8-(carbamoyloxymethyl)-4-formyl-6-methoxy-14-oxa-1,11-diazatetracyclo(7.4.1.0.0)-tetradeca-2,4,6-trien-9-yl acetic acid ester, swainsonine, lometrexol, dexrazoxane, methioninase, 2′-cyano-2′-deoxy-N4-palmitoyl-1-B-D-arabino furanosyl cytosine, 3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde thiosemicarbazone and trastuzumab.

Examples of monoclonal antibody targeted therapeutic agents include those therapeutic agents which have cytotoxic agents or radioisotopes attached to a cancer cell specific or target cell specific monoclonal antibody. Examples include Bexxar.

“HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors” refers to inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase. Examples of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used include but are not limited to lovastatin (MEVACOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,231,938, 4,294,926 and 4,319,039), simvastatin (ZOCOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,784, 4,820,850 and 4,916,239), pravastatin (PRAVACHOL®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,346,227, 4,537,859, 4,410,629, 5,030,447 and 5,180,589), fluvastatin (LESCOL®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,354,772, 4,911,165, 4,929,437, 5,189,164, 5,118,853, 5,290,946 and 5,356,896), atorvastatin (LIPITOR®; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,273,995, 4,681,893, 5,489,691 and 5,342,952) and cerivastatin (also known as rivastatin and BAYCHOL™; see U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,080). The structural formulas of these and additional HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors that may be used in the instant methods are described at page 87 of M. Yalpani, “Cholesterol Lowering Drugs”, Chemistry & Industry, pp. 85-89 (5 Feb. 1996) and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,782,084 and 4,885,314. The term HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor as used herein includes all pharmaceutically acceptable lactone and open-acid forms (i.e., where the lactone ring is opened to form the free acid) as well as salt and ester forms of compounds which have HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activity, and therefor the use of such salts, esters, open-acid and lactone forms is included within the scope of this invention.

“Prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor” refers to a compound which inhibits any one or any combination of the prenyl-protein transferase enzymes, including farnesyl-protein transferase (FPTase), geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type I (GGPTase-I), and geranylgeranyl-protein transferase type-II (GGPTase-II, also called Rab GGPTase).

Examples of prenyl-protein transferase inhibitors can be found in the following publications and patents: WO 96/30343, WO 97/18813, WO 97/21701, WO 97/23478, WO 97/38665, WO 98/28980, WO 98/29119, WO 95/32987, U.S. Pat. No. 5,420,245, U.S. Pat. No. 5,523,430, U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,359, U.S. Pat. No. 5,510,510, U.S. Pat. No. 5,589,485, U.S. Pat. No. 5,602,098, European Patent Publ. 0 618 221, European Patent Publ. 0 675 112, European Patent Publ. 0 604 181, European Patent Publ. 0 696 593, WO 94/19357, WO 95/08542, WO 95/11917, WO 95/12612, WO 95/12572, WO 95/10514, U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,152, WO 95/10515, WO 95/10516, WO 95/24612, WO 95/34535, WO 95/25086, WO 96/05529, WO 96/06138, WO 96/06193, WO 96/16443, WO 96/21701, WO 96/21456, WO 96/22278, WO 96/24611, WO 96/24612, WO 96/05168, WO 96/05169, WO 96/00736, U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,792, WO 96/17861, WO 96/33159, WO 96/34850, WO 96/34851, WO 96/30017, WO 96/30018, WO 96/30362, WO 96/30363, WO 96/31111, WO 96/31477, WO 96/31478, WO 96/31501, WO 97/00252, WO 97/03047, WO 97/03050, WO 97/04785, WO 97/02920, WO 97/17070, WO 97/23478, WO 97/26246, WO 97/30053, WO 97/44350, WO 98/02436, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,359. For an example of the role of a prenyl-protein transferase inhibitor on angiogenesis see European J. of Cancer, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 1394-1401 (1999).

“Angiogenesis inhibitors” refers to compounds that inhibit the formation of new blood vessels, regardless of mechanism. Examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include, but are not limited to, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as inhibitors of the tyrosine kinase receptors Flt-1 (VEGFR1) and Flk-1/KDR (VEGFR2), inhibitors of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet derived growth factors, MMP (matrix metalloprotease) inhibitors, integrin blockers, interferon-α, interleukin-12, pentosan polysulfate, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) like aspirin and ibuprofen as well as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors like celecoxib and rofecoxib (PNAS, Vol. 89, p. 7384 (1992); JNCI, Vol. 69, p. 475 (1982); Arch. Opthalmol., Vol. 108, p. 573 (1990); Anat. Rec., Vol. 238, p. 68 (1994); FEBS Letters, Vol. 372, p. 83 (1995); Clin, Orthop. Vol. 313, p. 76 (1995); J. Mol. Endocrinol., Vol. 16, p. 107 (1996); Jpn. J. Pharmacol., Vol. 75, p. 105 (1997); Cancer Res., Vol. 57, p. 1625 (1997); Cell, Vol. 93, p. 705 (1998); Intl. J. Mol. Med., Vol. 2, p. 715 (1998); J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 274, p. 9116 (1999)), steroidal anti-inflammatories (such as corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, dexamethasone, prednisone, prednisolone, methylpred, betamethasone), carboxyamidotriazole, combretastatin A-4, squalamine, 6-O-chloroacetyl-carbonyl)-fumagillol, thalidomide, angiostatin, troponin-1, angiotensin II antagonists (see Fernandez et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 105:141-145 (1985)), and antibodies to VEGF (see, Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 17, pp. 963-968 (October 1999); Kim et al., Nature, 362, 841-844 (1993); WO 00/44777; and WO 00/61186).

Other examples of angiogenesis inhibitors include, but are not limited to, endostatin, ukrain, ranpirnase, IM862, 5-methoxy-4-[2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)oxiranyl]-1-oxaspiro[2,5]oct-6-yl(chloroacetyl)carbamate, acetyldinanaline, 5-amino-1-[[3,5-dichloro-4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenyl]methyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide, CM101, squalamine, combretastatin, RPI4610, NX31838, sulfated mannopentaose phosphate, 7,7-(carbonyl-bis[imino-N-methyl-4,2-pyrrolocarbonylimino[N-methyl-4,2-pyrrole]-carbonylimino]-bis-(1,3-naphthalene disulfonate), and 3-[(2,4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl)methylene]-2-indolinone (SU5416).

Other therapeutic agents that modulate or inhibit angiogenesis and may also be used in combination with the compounds of the instant invention include agents that modulate or inhibit the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems (see review in Clin. Chem. La. Med. 38:679-692 (2000)). Examples of such agents that modulate or inhibit the coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways include, but are not limited to, heparin (see Thromb. Haemost. 80:10-23 (1998)), low molecular weight heparins and carboxypeptidase U inhibitors (also known as inhibitors of active thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor [TAFIa]) (see Thrombosis Res. 101:329-354 (2001)). TAFIa inhibitors have been described in U.S. Ser. Nos. 60/310,927 (filed Aug. 8, 2001) and 60/349,925 (filed Jan. 18, 2002).

“Agents that interfere with cell cycle checkpoints” refer to compounds that inhibit protein kinases that transduce cell cycle checkpoint signals, thereby sensitizing the cancer cell to DNA damaging agents. Such agents include inhibitors of ATR, ATM, the CHK11 and CHK12 kinases and cdk and cdc kinase inhibitors and are specifically exemplified by 7-hydroxystaurosporin, flavopiridol, CYC202 (Cyclacel) and BMS-387032.

“Agents that interfere with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)” refer to compounds that inhibit RTKs and therefore mechanisms involved in oncogenesis and tumor progression. Such agents include inhibitors of c-Kit, Eph, PDGF, Flt3 and c-Met. Further agents include inhibitors of RTKs as described by Bume-Jensen and Hunter, Nature, 411:355-365, 2001.

“Inhibitors of cell proliferation and survival signalling pathway” refer to compounds that inhibit signal transduction cascades downstream of cell surface receptors. Such agents include inhibitors of serine/threonine kinases (including but not limited to inhibitors of Akt such as described in WO 02/083064, WO 02/083139, WO 02/083140, US 2004-0116432, WO 02/083138, US 2004-0102360, WO 03/086404, WO 03/086279, WO 03/086394, WO 03/084473, WO 03/086403, WO 2004/041162, WO 2004/096131, WO 2004/096129, WO 2004/096135, WO 2004/096130, WO 2005/100356, WO 2005/100344, US 2005/029941, US 2005/44294, US 2005/43361, 60/734,188, 60/652,737, 60/670,469), inhibitors of Raf kinase (for example PLX-4032), inhibitors of MEK (for example Arry-162, RO-4987655 and GSK-1120212), inhibitors of mTOR (for example AZD-8055, BEZ-235 and everolimus), and inhibitors of PI3K (for example GDC-0941, BKM-120).

As described above, the combinations with NSAID's are directed to the use of NSAID's which are potent COX-2 inhibiting agents. For purposes of this specification an NSAID is potent if it possesses an IC₅₀ for the inhibition of COX-2 of 1 μM or less as measured by cell or microsomal assays.

The invention also encompasses combinations with NSAID's which are selective COX-2 inhibitors. For purposes of this specification NSAID's which are selective inhibitors of COX-2 are defined as those which possess a specificity for inhibiting COX-2 over COX-1 of at least 100 fold as measured by the ratio of IC₅₀ for COX-2 over IC₅₀ for COX-1 evaluated by cell or microsomal assays. Such compounds include, but are not limited to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,995, U.S. Pat. No. 5,861,419, U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,843, U.S. Pat. No. 6,020,343, U.S. Pat. No. 5,409,944, U.S. Pat. No. 5,436,265, U.S. Pat. No. 5,536,752, U.S. Pat. No. 5,550,142, U.S. Pat. No. 5,604,260, U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,584, U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,140, WO 94/15932, U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,991, U.S. Pat. No. 5,134,142, U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,738, U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,790, U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,823, U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,272 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,932,598.

Inhibitors of COX-2 can be useful in the instant method of treatment are: 3-phenyl-4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2-(5H)-furanone; and 5-chloro-3-(4-methylsulfonyl)phenyl-2-(2-methyl-5-pyridinyl)pyridine; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

Compounds that have been described as specific inhibitors of COX-2 and are therefore useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, the following: parecoxib, BEXTRA® and CELEBREX® or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

As used above, “integrin blockers” refers to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the α_(v)β₃ integrin, to compounds which selectively antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to the αvβ5 integrin, to compounds which antagonize, inhibit or counteract binding of a physiological ligand to both the α_(v)β₃ integrin and the α_(v)β₅ integrin, and to compounds which antagonize, inhibit or counteract the activity of the particular integrin(s) expressed on capillary endothelial cells. The term also refers to antagonists of the α_(v)β₆, α_(v)β₈, α₁β₁, α₂β₁, α₅β₁, α₆β₁ and α₆β₄ integrins. The term also refers to antagonists of any combination of α_(v)β₃, α_(v)β₅, α_(v)β₆, α_(v)β₈, α₁β₁, α₂β₁, α₅β₁, α₆β₁ and α₆β₄ integrins.

Some specific examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors include N-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-5-methylisoxazol-4-carboxamide, 3-[(2,4-dimethylpyrrol-5-yl)methylidenyl)indolin-2-one, 17-(allylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, 4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenylamino)-7-methoxy-6-[3-(4-morpholinyl)propoxyl]quinazoline, N-(3-ethynylphenyl)-6,7-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-quinazolinamine, BIBX1382, 2,3,9,10,11,12-hexahydro-10-(hydroxymethyl)-10-hydroxy-9-methyl-9,12-epoxy-1H-diindolo[1,2,3-fg:3′,2′,1′-kl]pyrrolo[3,4-i][1,6]benzodiazocin-1-one, SH268, genistein, STI571, CEP2563, 4-(3-chlorophenylamino)-5,6-dimethyl-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidinemethane sulfonate, 4-(3-bromo-4-hydroxyphenyl)amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, 4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, SU6668, STI571A, N-4-chlorophenyl-4-(4-pyridylmethyl)-1-phthalazinamine, and EMD121974.

Combinations of the instantly claimed compounds with PPAR-γ (i.e., PPAR-gamma) agonists and PPAR-δ (i.e., PPAR-delta) agonists can be useful in the treatment of certain malignancies. PPAR-γ and PPAR-δ are the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors γ and δ. The expression of PPAR-γ on endothelial cells and its involvement in angiogenesis has been reported in the literature (see J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 1998; 31:909-913; J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274:9116-9121; Invest. Ophthalmol Vis. Sci. 2000; 41:2309-2317). More recently, PPAR-γ agonists have been shown to inhibit the angiogenic response to VEGF in vitro; both troglitazone and rosiglitazone maleate inhibit the development of retinal neovascularization in mice. (Arch. Ophthamol. 2001; 119:709-717). Examples of PPAR-γ agonists and PPAR-γ/α agonists include, but are not limited to, thiazolidinediones (such as DRF2725, CS-011, troglitazone, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone), fenofibrate, gemfibrozil, clofibrate, GW2570, SB219994, AR-H039242, JTT-501, MCC-555, GW2331, GW409544, NN2344, KRP297, NP0110, DRF4158, NN622, GI262570, PNU182716, DRF552926, 2-[(5,7-dipropyl-3-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benzisoxazol-6-yl)oxy]-2-methylpropionic acid, and 2(R)-7-(3-(2-chloro-4-(4-fluorophenoxy) phenoxy)propoxy)-2-ethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid.

Another embodiment of the instant invention is the use of the presently disclosed compounds in combination with gene therapy for the potential treatment of cancer. For an overview of genetic strategies to treating cancer see Hall et al (Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61:785-789, 1997) and Kufe et al (Cancer Medicine, 5th Ed, pp 876-889, BC Decker, Hamilton 2000). Gene therapy can be used to deliver any tumor suppressing gene. Examples of such genes include, but are not limited to, p53, which can be delivered via recombinant virus-mediated gene transfer (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,069,134, for example), a uPA/uPAR antagonist (“Adenovirus-Mediated Delivery of a uPA/uPAR Antagonist Suppresses Angiogenesis-Dependent Tumor Growth and Dissemination in Mice,” Gene Therapy, August 1998; 5(8):1105-13), and interferon gamma (J. Immunol. 2000; 164:217-222).

The compounds of the instant invention may also be administered in combination with an inhibitor of inherent multidrug resistance (MDR), in particular MDR associated with high levels of expression of transporter proteins. Such MDR inhibitors include inhibitors of p-glycoprotein (P-gp), such as LY335979, XR9576, OC144-093, R101922, VX853 and PSC833 (valspodar).

A compound of the present invention may be employed in conjunction with anti-emetic agents to treat nausea or emesis, including acute, delayed, late-phase, and anticipatory emesis, which may result from the use of a compound of the present invention, alone or with radiation therapy. For the prevention or treatment of emesis, a compound of the present invention may be used in conjunction with other anti-emetic agents, especially neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, 5HT3 receptor antagonists, such as ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, and zatisetron, GABAB receptor agonists, such as baclofen, a corticosteroid such as Decadron (dexamethasone), Kenalog, Aristocort, Nasalide, Preferid, Benecorten or others such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,789,118, 2,990,401, 3,048,581, 3,126,375, 3,929,768, 3,996,359, 3,928,326 and 3,749,712, an antidopaminergic, such as the phenothiazines (for example prochlorperazine, fluphenazine, thioridazine and mesoridazine), metoclopramide or dronabinol. In another embodiment, conjunctive therapy with an anti-emesis agent selected from a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, a 5HT3 receptor antagonist and a corticosteroid is disclosed for the treatment or prevention of emesis that may result upon administration of the instant compounds.

Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists of use in conjunction with the compounds of the present invention are fully described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,162,339, 5,232,929, 5,242,930, 5,373,003, 5,387,595, 5,459,270, 5,494,926, 5,496,833, 5,637,699, 5,719,147; European Patent Publication Nos. EP 0 360 390, 0 394 989, 0 428 434, 0 429 366, 0 430 771, 0 436 334, 0 443 132, 0 482 539, 0 498 069, 0 499 313, 0 512 901, 0 512 902, 0 514 273, 0 514 274, 0 514 275, 0 514 276, 0 515 681, 0 517 589, 0 520 555, 0 522 808, 0 528 495, 0 532 456, 0 533 280, 0 536 817, 0 545 478, 0 558 156, 0 577 394, 0 585 913, 0 590 152, 0 599 538, 0 610 793, 0 634 402, 0 686 629, 0 693 489, 0 694 535, 0 699 655, 0 699 674, 0 707 006, 0 708 101, 0 709 375, 0 709 376, 0 714 891, 0 723 959, 0 733 632 and 0 776 893; PCT International Patent Publication Nos. WO 90/05525, 90/05729, 91/09844, 91/18899, 92/01688, 92/06079, 92/12151, 92/15585, 92/17449, 92/20661, 92/20676, 92/21677, 92/22569, 93/00330, 93/00331, 93/01159, 93/01165, 93/01169, 93/01170, 93/06099, 93/09116, 93/10073, 93/14084, 93/14113, 93/18023, 93/19064, 93/21155, 93/21181, 93/23380, 93/24465, 94/00440, 94/01402, 94/02461, 94/02595, 94/03429, 94/03445, 94/04494, 94/04496, 94/05625, 94/07843, 94/08997, 94/10165, 94/10167, 94/10168, 94/10170, 94/11368, 94/13639, 94/13663, 94/14767, 94/15903, 94/19320, 94/19323, 94/20500, 94/26735, 94/26740, 94/29309, 95/02595, 95/04040, 95/04042, 95/06645, 95/07886, 95/07908, 95/08549, 95/11880, 95/14017, 95/15311, 95/16679, 95/17382, 95/18124, 95/18129, 95/19344, 95/20575, 95/21819, 95/22525, 95/23798, 95/26338, 95/28418, 95/30674, 95/30687, 95/33744, 96/05181, 96/05193, 96/05203, 96/06094, 96/07649, 96/10562, 96/16939, 96/18643, 96/20197, 96/21661, 96/29304, 96/29317, 96/29326, 96/29328, 96/31214, 96/32385, 96/37489, 97/01553, 97/01554, 97/03066, 97/08144, 97/14671, 97/17362, 97/18206, 97/19084, 97/19942 and 97/21702; and in British Patent Publication Nos. 2 266 529, 2 268 931, 2 269 170, 2 269 590, 2 271 774, 2 292 144, 2 293 168, 2 293 169, and 2 302 689. The preparation of such compounds is fully described in the aforementioned patents and publications.

In an embodiment, the neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist for use in conjunction with the compounds of the present invention is selected from: 2-(R)-(1-(R)-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)ethoxy)-3-(S)-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(3-(5-oxo-1H,4H-1,2,4-triazolo)methyl)morpholine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, which is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,147.

A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an agent useful in the treatment of anemia. Such an anemia treatment agent is, for example, a continuous eythropoiesis receptor activator (such as epoetin alfa).

A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an agent useful in the treatment of neutropenia. Such a neutropenia treatment agent is, for example, a hematopoietic growth factor which regulates the production and function of neutrophils such as a human granulocyte colony stimulating factor, (G-CSF). Examples of a G-CSF include filgrastim.

A compound of the instant invention may also be administered with an immunologic-enhancing drug, such as levamisole, isoprinosine and Zadaxin.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer in combination with P450 inhibitors including: xenobiotics, quinidine, tyramine, ketoconazole, testosterone, quinine, methyrapone, caffeine, phenelzine, doxorubicin, troleandomycin, cyclobenzaprine, erythromycin, cocaine, furafyline, cimetidine, dextromethorphan, ritonavir, indinavir, amprenavir, diltiazem, terfenadine, verapamil, cortisol, itraconazole, mibefradil, nefazodone and nelfinavir.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer in combination with Pgp and/or BCRP inhibitors including: cyclosporin A, PSC833, GF120918, cremophorEL, fumitremorgin C, Ko132, Ko134, Iressa, Imatnib mesylate, EKI-785, Cl1033, novobiocin, diethylstilbestrol, tamoxifen, resperpine, VX-710, tryprostatin A, flavonoids, ritonavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir, omeprazole, quinidine, verapamil, terfenadine, ketoconazole, nifidepine, FK506, amiodarone, XR9576, indinavir, amprenavir, cortisol, testosterone, LY335979, OC144-093, erythromycin, vincristine, digoxin and talinolol.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer, including bone cancer, in combination with bisphosphonates (understood to include bisphosphonates, diphosphonates, bisphosphonic acids and diphosphonic acids). Examples of bisphosphonates include but are not limited to: etidronate (Didronel), pamidronate (Aredia), alendronate (Fosamax), risedronate (Actonel), zoledronate (Zometa), ibandronate (Boniva), incadronate or cimadronate, clodronate, EB-1053, minodronate, neridronate, piridronate and tiludronate including any and all pharmaceutically acceptable salts, derivatives, hydrates and mixtures thereof.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing breast cancer in combination with aromatase inhibitors. Examples of aromatase inhibitors include but are not limited to: anastrozole, letrozole and exemestane.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer in combination with siRNA therapeutics.

The compounds of the instant invention may also be administered in combination with γ-secretase inhibitors and/or inhibitors of NOTCH signaling. Such inhibitors include compounds described in WO 01/90084, WO 02/30912, WO 01/70677, WO 03/013506, WO 02/36555, WO 03/093252, WO 03/093264, WO 03/093251, WO 03/093253, WO 2004/039800, WO 2004/039370, WO 2005/030731, WO 2005/014553, U.S. Ser. No. 10/957,251, WO 2004/089911, WO 02/081435, WO 02/081433, WO 03/018543, WO 2004/031137, WO 2004/031139, WO 2004/031138, WO 2004/101538, WO 2004/101539 and WO 02/47671 (including LY-450139).

Inhibitors of Akt, as disclosed in the following publications; WO 02/083064, WO 02/083139, WO 02/083140, US 2004-0116432, WO 02/083138, US 2004-0102360, WO 03/086404, WO 03/086279, WO 03/086394, WO 03/084473, WO 03/086403, WO 2004/041162, WO 2004/096131, WO 2004/096129, WO 2004/096135, WO 2004/096130, WO 2005/100356, WO 2005/100344, US 2005/029941, US 2005/44294, US 2005/43361, 60/734,188, 60/652,737, 60/670,469, and including compounds of the instant invention, are also useful in combination with potassium salts, magnesium salts, beta-blockers (such as atenolol) and endothelin-a (ETa) antagonists with the goal of maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis.

Inhibitors of Akt, as disclosed in the following publications; WO 02/083064, WO 02/083139, WO 02/083140, US 2004-0116432, WO 02/083138, US 2004-0102360, WO 03/086404, WO 03/086279, WO 03/086394, WO 03/084473, WO 03/086403, WO 2004/041162, WO 2004/096131, WO 2004/096129, WO 2004/096135, WO 2004/096130, WO 2005/100356, WO 2005/100344, US 2005/029941, US 2005/44294, US 2005/43361, 60/734,188, 60/652,737, 60/670,469, and including compounds of the instant invention, are also useful in combination with insulin, insulin secretagogues, PPAR-gamma agonists, metformin, somatostatin receptor agonists such as octreotide, DPP4 inhibitors, sulfonylureas and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors with the goal of maintaining glucose homeostasis.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating or preventing cancer in combination with PARP inhibitors: olaparib, MK-4827 and veliparib.

A compound of the instant invention may also be useful for treating cancer in combination with the following chemotherapeutic agents: abarelix (Plenaxis Depot®); aldesleukin (Prokine®); Aldesleukin (Proleukin®); Alemtuzumabb (Campath®); alitretinoin (Panretin®); allopurinol (Zyloprim®); altretamine (Hexalen®); amifostine (Ethyol®); anastrozole (Arimidex®); arsenic trioxide (Trisenox®); asparaginase (Elspar®); azacitidine (Vidaza®); bendamustine hydrochloride (Treanda®); bevacuzimab (Avastin®); bexarotene capsules (Targretin®); bexarotene gel (Targretin®); bleomycin (Blenoxane®); bortezomib (Velcade®); brefeldin A; busulfan intravenous (Busulfex®); busulfan oral (Myleran®); calusterone (Methosarb®); capecitabine (Xeloda®); carboplatin (Paraplatin®); carmustine (BCNU®, BiCNU®); carmustine (Gliadel®); carmustine with Polifeprosan 20 Implant (Gliadel Wafer®); celecoxib (Celebrex®); cetuximab (Erbitux®); chlorambucil (Leukeran®); cisplatin (Platinol®); cladribine (Leustatin®, 2-CdA®); clofarabine (Clolar®); cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan®, Neosar®); cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan Injection®); cyclophosphamide (Cytoxan Tablet®); cytarabine (Cytosar-U®); cytarabine liposomal (DepoCyt®); dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome®); dactinomycin, actinomycin D (Cosmegen®); dalteparin sodium injection (Fragmin®); Darbepoetin alfa (Aranesp®); dasatinib (Sprycel®); daunorubicin liposomal (DanuoXome®); daunorubicin, daunomycin (Daunorubicin®); daunorubicin, daunomycin (Cerubidine®); degarelix (Firmagon®); Denileukin diftitox (Ontak®); dexrazoxane (Zinecard®); dexrazoxane hydrochloride (Totect®); didemnin B; 17-DMAG; docetaxel (Taxotere®); doxorubicin (Adriamycin PFS®); doxorubicin (Adriamycin®, Rubex®); doxorubicin (Adriamycin PFS Injection®); doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil®); dromostanolone propionate (Dromostanolone®); dromostanolone propionate (Masterone Injection®); eculizumab injection (Soliris®); Elliott's B Solution (Elliott's B Solution®); eltrombopag (Promacta®); epirubicin (Ellence®); Epoetin alfa (Epogen®); erlotinib (Tarceva®); estramustine (Emcyt®); ethinyl estradiol; etoposide phosphate (Etopophos®); etoposide, VP-16 (Vepesid®); everolimus tablets (Afinitor®); exemestane (Aromasin®); ferumoxytol (Feraheme Injection®); Filgrastim (Neupogen®); floxuridine (intraarterial) (FUDR®); fludarabine (Fludara®); fluorouracil, 5-FU (Adrucil®); fulvestrant (Faslodex®); gefitinib (Iressa®); geldanamycin; gemcitabine (Gemzar®; gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg®); goserelin acetate (Zoladex Implant®); goserelin acetate (Zoladex®); histrelin acetate (Histrelin Implant®); hydroxyurea (Hydrea®); Ibritumomab Tiuxetan (Zevalin®); idarubicin (Idamycin®); ifosfamide (IFEX®); imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®); interferon alfa 2a (Roferon A®)); Interferon alfa-2b (Intron A®); iobenguane I 123 injection (AdreView®); irinotecan (Camptosar®); ixabepilone (Ixempra®); lapatinib tablets (Tykerb®); lenalidomide (Revlimid®); letrozole (Femara®); leucovorin (Wellcovorin®, Leucovorin®); Leuprolide Acetate (Eligard®); levamisole (Ergamisol®); lomustine, CCNU (CeeBU®); meclorethamine, nitrogen mustard (Mustargen®); megestrol acetate (Megace®); melphalan, L-PAM (Alkeran®); mercaptopurine, 6-MP (Purinethol®); mesna (Mesnex®); mesna (Mesnex Tabs®); methotrexate (Methotrexate®); methoxsalen (Uvadex®); 8-methoxypsoralen; mitomycin C (Mutamycin®); mitotane (Lysodren®); mitoxantrone (Novantrone®); mitramycin; nandrolone phenpropionate (Durabolin-50®); nelarabine (Arranon®); nilotinib (Tasigna®); Nofetumomab (Verluma®); ofatumumab (Arzerra®); Oprelvekin (Neumega®); oxaliplatin (Eloxatin®); paclitaxel (Paxene®); paclitaxel (Taxol®); paclitaxel protein-bound particles (Abraxane®); palifermin (Kepivance®); pamidronate (Aredia®); panitumumab (Vectibix®); pazopanib tablets (Votrienttm®); pegademase (Adagen (Pegademase Bovine)®); pegaspargase (Oncaspar®); Pegfilgrastim (Neulasta®); pemetrexed disodium (Alimta®); pentostatin (Nipent®); pipobroman (Vercyte®); plerixafor (Mozobil®); plicamycin, mithramycin (Mithracin®); porfimer sodium (Photofrin®); pralatrexate injection (Folotyn®); procarbazine (Matulane®); quinacrine (Atabrine®); rapamycin; Rasburicase (Elitek®); raloxifene hydrochloride (Evista®); Rituximab (Rituxan®); romidepsin (Istodax®); romiplostim (Nplate®); sargramostim (Leukine®); Sargramostim (Prokine®); sorafenib (Nexavar®); streptozocin (Zanosar®; sunitinib maleate (Sutent®); talc (Sclerosol®); tamoxifen (Nolvadex®); temozolomide (Temodar®); temsirolimus (Torisel®); teniposide, VM-26 (Vumon®); testolactone (Teslac®); thioguanine, 6-TG (Thioguanine®); thiopurine; thiotepa (Thioplex®); topotecan (Hycamtin®); toremifene (Fareston®); Tositumomab (Bexxar®); Tositumomab/I-131 tositumomab (Bexxar®); trans-retinoic acid; Trastuzumab (Herceptin®); tretinoin, ATRA (Vesanoid®); triethylenemelamine; Uracil Mustard (Uracil Mustard Capsules®); valrubicin (Valstar®); vinblastine (Velban®); vincristine (Oncovin®); vinorelbine (Navelbine®); vorinostat (Zolinza®); wortmannin; and zoledronate (Zometa®).

Methods for the safe and effective administration of most of these chemotherapeutic agents are known to those skilled in the art. In addition, their administration is described in the standard literature. For example, the administration of many of the chemotherapeutic agents is described in the “Physicians' Desk Reference” (PDR), e.g., 1996 edition (Medical Economics Company, Montvale, N.J. 07645-1742, USA), the Physician's Desk Reference, 56^(th) Edition, 2002 (published by Medical Economics company, Inc. Montvale, N.J. 07645-1742), and the Physician's Desk Reference, 57^(th) Edition, 2003 (published by Thompson PDR, Montvale, N.J. 07645-1742).

The invention disclosed herein is exemplified by the following preparations and examples which should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Methods of Preparing the Compounds of Formula (I)

The compounds of this invention may be made by a variety of methods, including standard chemistry. Any previously defined variable will continue to have the previously defined meaning unless otherwise indicated. Illustrative general synthetic methods are set out below and then specific compounds of the Formula (I) are prepared in the Examples.

Compounds of general Formula (I) may be prepared by methods known in the art of organic synthesis as set forth in part by the following synthesis schemes. In all of the schemes described below, it is well understood that protecting groups for sensitive or reactive groups are employed where necessary in accordance with general principles of chemistry. Protecting groups are manipulated according to standard methods of organic synthesis (T. W. Green and P. G. M. Wuts (1991) Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons). These groups are removed at a convenient stage of the compound synthesis using methods that are readily apparent to those skilled in the art. The selection of protecting groups as well as the reaction conditions and order of reaction steps shall be consistent with the preparation of compounds of Formula (I). Those skilled in the art will recognize whether a stereocenter exists in compounds of Formula (I). Accordingly, the present invention includes all possible stereoisomers and includes not only mixtures of stereoisomers (such as racemic compounds) but the individual stereoisomers as well. When a compound is desired as a single enantiomer, it may be obtained by stereospecific synthesis or by resolution of the final product or any convenient intermediate. Resolution of the final product, an intermediate, or a starting material may be effected by any suitable method known in the art. See, for example, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds by E. L. Eliel, S. H. Wilen, and L. N. Mander (Wiley-Interscience, 1994).

The following solvents, reagents, protecting groups, moieties, and other designations may be referred to by their abbreviations in parenthesis:

Me=methyl; Et=ethyl; Pr=propyl; iPr=isopropyl, Bu=butyl; t-Bu=tert-butyl; Ph=phenyl, and Ac=acetyl

μl=microliters

AcOH or HOAc=acetic acid

ACN=acetonitrile

Ad=adamantyl

APCI or APC=atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization

aq=aqueous

Bn=benzyl

Boc or BOC=tert-butoxycarbonyl

Bz=benzoyl

Cbz=benyzloxycarbonyl

CDI=1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole

DAST=diethylaminosulfur trifluoride

Dba=dibenzylideneacetone

DBU=1,8-Diaza-7-bicyclo[5.4.0]undecene

DCM=dichloromethane

DMAP=4-Dimethylaminopyridine

DIBAL=diisobutylaluminum hydride

DIEA or Hünig's Base=N,N-diisopropylethylamine

DMA=N,N-dimethylacetamide

DMF=dimethylformamide

DMSO=dimethyl sulfoxide

Dppf=1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene

DMT=Dimercaptotriazine

DTT=dithiothreitol

EDC=1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide

EDTA=ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid

ESI or ES=Electrospray ionization

EtOAc=ethyl acetate

g=grams

GST=glutathione S-transferase

h=hour

HMDS=1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane

HATU=N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)uronium hexafluorophosphate

HPLC=high-performance liquid chromatography

HOBt=1-hydroxybenzotriazole

LAH=lithium aluminium hydride

LDA=lithium diisopropylamide

LC=liquid chromatography

LCMS=liquid chromatography mass spectrometry

min=minute

mg=milligrams

mL=milliliters

mmol=millimoles

mCPBA=meta-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid

Me=methyl

MeOH=methanol

MS=mass spectrometry

NBS=N-bromosuccinimide

NMP=N-methylpyrrolidone

NMR=nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

PTLC=preparative thin layer chromatography

rac=racemic mixture

R_(f)=retardation factor

RT or rt=room temperature (ambient, about 25° C.)

sat=saturated

SFC=supercritical fluid chromatography

TBSCl=t-butyldimethylsilyl chloride

TBS=t-butyldimethylsilyl

TEA=triethylamine (Et₃N)

TFA=trifluoroacetic acid

TFAA=trifluoroacetic anhydride

THF=tetrahydrofuran

TLC=thin layer chromatography

TMS=trimethylsilyl

Tris=tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane

Xantphos=4,5-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene

Preparative Example 1.1 2,4-dichloro-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine

A suspension of 2,4-dichloro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (310 mg, 1.65 mmol), potassium carbonate (456 mg, 3.30 mmol) and 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl bromide (0.26 mL, 1.65 mmol) in DMA (2 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 5 days. The reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and water. The organic layer was collected, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-60% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to afford 2,4-dichloro-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine. MS ESI calc'd for C₁₄H₈Cl₂F₃N₃ [M+H]⁺ 346. found 346.

Preparative Example 1.2 (R)-1-cyclobutylethanamine hydrochloride

Step 1: Into a 20-L 4-necked round-bottom flask was placed a solution of cyclobutylmethanol (1000 g, 11.61 mol) in dichloromethane (10 L). This was followed by the addition of Dess-Martin periodinane (4683 g, 11.04 mol) in several batches at 10-15° C. over 120 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h at room temperature and then quenched by the addition of 20 L of cold, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution. Solids were removed by filtration and washed with 5 L of dichloromethane. The filtrate was extracted with dichloromethane. The organic layers were combined, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with DCM:PE (2:1). This resulted in 100 L of cyclobutanecarbaldehyde in dichloromethane and petroleum ether solution. Step 2: Into a 50-L barrel was placed cyclobutanecarbaldehyde in dichloromethane and petroleum ether (33 L of the solution described at the end of Step 1), (S)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (500 g, 4.13 mol) and copper sulfate (2 kg, 13.33 mol). The resulting solution was stirred for 2 days at room temperature. Solids were removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was applied onto a silica gel column and eluted with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:5) to afford (S)—N-[(1E)-cyclobutylmethylidene]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide.

Step 3: Into a 10-L 4-neck round-bottom flask purged and maintained with an inert atmosphere of nitrogen was placed a solution of (S)—N-[(1E)-cyclobutylmethylidene]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (200 g, 1.07 mol) in tetrahydrofuran (3000 mL). This was followed by the addition of methylmagnesium bromide in ether (1070 mL, 3.00 equiv) dropwise with stirring at −78° C. over 1 hr. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at −70° C., 1 h at −60° C., 1 h at −50° C. and 2 h at −40° C. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of 10 L of saturated aqueous NH₄Cl solution. The resulting solution was extracted with 2×3 L of ether. The organic layers were combined, washed with 2×3 L of brine, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, and concentrated under vacuum. The residue was diluted with 250 mL of n-hexane. The resulting solid was collected and washed with 2×100 mL of cold n-hexane to afford (S)—N-[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide.

Step 4: Into a 10-L 4-neck round-bottom flask was placed a solution of (S)—N-[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (400 g, 1.97 mol) in methanol (2800 mL). This was followed by the addition of HCl/p-dioxane (5M, 1.6 L) dropwise with stirring at 0° C. over 60 min. The resulting solution was stirred for 60 min at room temperature. The solution was then concentrated under vacuum. The residue was diluted with 4 L of n-hexane and stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The solid was collected by filtration. The filtrate was diluted with 1200 mL of CH₃CN and stirred for 30 min at room temperature. The solid was collected by filtration. The combined solids were dried in an oven under reduced pressure to afford (1R)-1-cyclobutylethan-1-amine as a hydrogen chloride salt. MS ESI calc'd for C₆H₁₃N [M+H]⁺ 100. found 100. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 7.95 (s, 3H), 3.11 (s, 1H), 2.32-2.42 (m, 1H), 1.75-2.01 (m, 6H), 1.10 (s, 3H).

Example 1.1 (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-6-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Example 1.2 (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-7-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1: To a mixture of 2,4-dichloro-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (Preparative Example 1.1, 200 mg, 0.58 mmol) and (R)-1-cyclobutylethanamine HCl salt (392 mg, 2.89 mmol) in ethanol (12 mL) in a sealed tube was added TEA (0.40 mL, 2.89 mmol). The solution was stirred at 80° C. overnight. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to give (R)-2-chloro-N-(1-cyclobutylethyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine. MS ESI calc'd for C₂₀H₂₀ClF₃N₄ [M+H]⁺ 409. found 409.

Step 2: A vial containing 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (107 mg, 0.23 mmol) and allylpalladium(II) chloride dimer (20.6 mg, 0.056 mmol) in DMA (500 μL) was evacuated and refilled with Ar (3×). The solution was warmed to 70° C. for 20 minutes. In a separate vial, zinc cyanide (86.06 mg, 0.731 mmol), (R)-2-chloro-N-(1-cyclobutylethyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (230 mg, 0.56 mmol) and DMA (1.4 mL) were combined. The mixture was degassed with Ar for 15 minutes, and the catalyst solution described above was added to the mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 24 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DCM and purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to give (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ESI calc'd for C₂₁H₂₀F₃N₅ [M+H]⁺ 400. found 400.

Step 3: To a vial containing palladium(II) acetate (5.62 mg, 0.025 mmol) and butyldi-1-adamantylphosphine (18.0 mg, 0.050 mmol) was added dioxane (500 μLI). The vial was evacuated and refilled with Ar (3×). The solution was warmed to 70° C. for 20 minutes. In a separate vial, pivalic acid (25.6 mg, 0.25 mmol), cesium fluoride (114 mg, 0.75 mmol), 3-bromo-4-fluorotoluene (47.3 mg, 0.25 mmol), (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (100 mg, 0.25 mmol), and dioxane (0.8 mL) were combined. The mixture was degassed with Ar for 15 minutes, and the catalyst solution described above was added to the mixture. The reaction was stirred at 120° C. for 24 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DCM and purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to give (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-6-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile and (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-7-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile as white solids. MS ESI calc'd for C₂₈H₂₆F₄N₅ [M+H]⁺ 508. found 508.

Step 4: To a solution of (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-6-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (50 mg, 0.099 mmol) in ethanol (1 ml) was added sodium hydroxide (5.0 M in water, 0.5 mL, 2.500 mmol). The reaction was heated to 80° C. and stirred for 2 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, and then diluted in EtOAc and washed with 1N HCl. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DMSO and was purified by mass triggered, reverse phase (C-18) preparative HPLC (acetonitrile:water: 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid modifier) to afford (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-6-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (TFA salt, Example 1.1) as a white solid. MS ESI calc'd for C₂₈H₂₆F₄N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ 527. found 527. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.94 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H); 1.36-1.27 (m, 2H); 1.64-1.49 (br m, 3H); 1.87-1.81 (m, 1H); 2.24 (d, J=10.4 Hz, 1H); 2.30 (s, 3H); 4.42 (s, 1H); 5.51 (d, J=18.4 Hz, 1H); 5.90 (d, J=18.4 Hz, 1H); 6.79 (s, 1H); 6.86 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H); 7.33-7.31 (m, 2H); 7.39 (s, 1H); 7.60 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H). Using a procedure analogous to that described in Example 1.1, (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-7-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (TFA salt, Example 1.2) was prepared. MS ESI calc'd for C₂₈H₂₆F₄N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ 527. found 527. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.95 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H); 1.40-1.31 (m, 2H); 1.55-1.49 (m, 2H); 1.65-1.58 (m, 1H); 1.85-1.82 (m, 1H); 2.24-2.21 (m, 1H); 2.34 (s, 3H); 4.36-4.33 (m, 1H); 5.86 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H); 5.96 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H); 6.06 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H); 7.13-7.11 (m, 4H); 7.69 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H); 8.19 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H); 8.43 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 1H).

Example 1.3 (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1: To a mixture of 2,4-dichloro-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (prepared in a manner similar to Example 2.1 Step 1) (480 mg, 1.10 mmol) and (R)-1-cyclobutylethanamine HCl salt (746 mg, 5.50 mmol) in ethanol (12 mL) in a sealed tube was added TEA (0.77 mL, 5.50 mmol). The solution was stirred at 70° C. for 4 h and then 80° C. for 5 h. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and then concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to give (R)-2-chloro-N-(1-cyclobutylethyl)-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine. MS ESI calc'd for C₂₇H₂₆ClF₃N₄ [M+H]⁺ 499. found 499.

Step 2: A vial containing 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (38.2 mg, 0.080 mmol) and allylpalladium(II) chloride dimer (7.33 mg, 0.020 mmol) in DMA (400 μL) was evacuated and refilled with Ar (3×). The solution was warmed to 70° C. for 20 minutes. In a separate vial, zinc cyanide (30.6 mg, 0.261 mmol), (R)-2-chloro-N-(1-cyclobutylethyl)-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (100 mg, 0.200 mmol) and DMA (0.5 mL) were combined. The mixture was degassed with Ar for 15 minutes, and the catalyst solution described above was added to the mixture. The reaction was stirred at 110° C. overnight. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DCM and and purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to give (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ESI calc'd for C₂₈H₂₆F₃N₅ [M+H]⁺ 490. found 490.

Step 3: To a solution of (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (60 mg, 0.123 mmol) in ethanol (1 ml) was added sodium hydroxide (5.0 M in water, 0.5 mL, 2.5 mmol). The reaction was heated to 70° C. and stirred for 2 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, and then diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1N HCl. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and, concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DMSO and purified by mass triggered, reverse phase (C-18) preparative HPLC (acetonitrile:water: 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid modifier) to afford (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (as a TFA salt). MS ESI calc'd for C₂₈H₂₇F₃N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ 509. found 509. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ 0.96 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H); 1.35-1.24 (m, 2H); 1.56-1.50 (m, 2H); 1.62-1.59 (m, 1H); 1.86-1.82 (m, 1H); 2.26 (dd, J=16.2, 8.4 Hz, 1H); 2.34 (s, 3H); 4.46-4.43 (m, 1H); 5.69 (d, J=18.5 Hz, 1H); 5.98 (d, J=18.5 Hz, 1H); 6.76 (s, 1H); 6.93 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H); 7.00 (br s, 1H); 7.30 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H); 7.34 (s, 2H); 7.42 (t, J=7.8 Hz, 1H); 7.62 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 2H).

Example 1.4 (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-7-methyl-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1: Iodine monochloride (0.33 mL, 1M solution in DCM, 0.33 mmol) was added slowly to a solution of (R)-2-chloro-N-(1-cyclobutylethyl)-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (150 mg, 0.301 mmol) in DCM at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with saturated sodium bicarbonate, sodium sulfite (10%) and brine. The resulting organic phase was dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated to afford (R)-2-chloro-N-(1-cyclobutylethyl)-7-iodo-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine, which was used in the next step without further purification. MS ESI calc'd for C₂₇H₂₅ClF₃IN₄ [M+H]⁺ 625. found 625.

Step 2: To (R)-2-chloro-N-(1-cyclobutylethyl)-7-iodo-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (100 mg, 0.16 mmol), methylboronic acid (19.2 mg, 0.3 mmol), 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene-palladium(II)dichloride-chloroform adduct (13.07 mg, 0.016 mmol) and potassium phosphate (102 mg, 0.48 mmol) were added 1,4-dioxane (600 μL) and water (150 μL). The vial was evacuated and refilled with Ar (3×). The solution was heated to 100° C. for 2 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and partitioned between saturated sodium bicarbonate and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was collected and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DCM and purified by silica gel chromatography (0-35% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to give (R)-2-chloro-N-(1-cyclobutylethyl)-7-methyl-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine. MS ESI calc'd for C₂₈H₂₈ClF₃N₄ [M+H]⁺ 513. found 513.

Step 3: A vial containing 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (22.7 mg, 0.048 mmol) and allylpalladium(II) chloride dimer (4.35 mg, 0.012 mmol) in DMA (200 μL) was evacuated and refilled with Ar (3×). The solution was warmed to 70° C. for 20 minutes. In a separate vial, zinc cyanide (18.2 mg, 0.161 mmol), (R)-2-chloro-N-(1-cyclobutylethyl)-7-methyl-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (61 mg, 0.12 mmol) and DMA (300 μL) were combined. The mixture was degassed with Ar for 15 minutes, and the catalyst solution described above was added to the mixture. The reaction was stirred at 120° C. for 4 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DCM and purified by silica gel chromatography (0-60% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to give (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-7-methyl-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ESI calc'd for C₂₉H₂₈F₃N₅ [M+H]⁺ 504. found 504.

Step 4: To a solution of (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-7-methyl-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (44 mg, 0.087 mmol) in ethanol (1 ml) was added sodium hydroxide (5.0 M in water, 0.5 mL, 2.5 mmol). The reaction was heated to 80° C. and stirred for 2 h. The solution was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, and then diluted with EtOAc and washed with 1N HCl. The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in DMSO and purified by mass triggered, reverse phase (C-18) preparative HPLC (acetonitrile:water: 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid modifier) to afford (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-7-methyl-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (as a TFA salt). MS ESI calc'd for C₂₉H₂₉F₃N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ 523. found 523. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 0.84 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H); 1.30-1.27 (m, 1H); 1.43-1.35 (m, 1H); 1.57-1.44 (br m, 3H); 1.70-1.64 (m, 1H); 1.82-1.78 (m, 1H); 1.92-1.90 (m, 1H); 2.30 (s, 3H); 2.36 (s, 3H); 4.42-4.36 (m, 1H); 5.41 (d, J=16.7 Hz, 2H); 5.59 (d, J=18.4 Hz, 1H); 7.13-7.11 (m, 4H); 7.34-7.32 (m, 2H); 7.65 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 2H).

The following compounds in Table 1 (other than Example 1.1 to 1.4) were prepared using procedures which are analogous to those described above.

TABLE 1 FRET IC₅₀ Salt [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ Ex. (nM) Structure IUPAC Name Form Calc'd Obsv'd 1.1   62

(R)-4-((1- cyclobutylethyl)amino)- 6-(2-fluoro-5- methylphenyl)-5-(4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo [3, 2-d] pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 527 527 1.2  353

(R)-4-((1- cyclobutylethyl)amino)- 7-(2-fluoro-5- methylphenyl)-5-(4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 527 527 1.3  140

(R)-4-((1- cyclobutylethyl) amino)- 6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo [3, 2-d] pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 509 509 1.4  130

(R)-4-((1- cyclobutylethyl)amino)- 7-methyl-6-(m-tolyl)-5- (4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl)- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 523 523 1.5   42

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 6-(2-methoxy-5- methylphenyl)-5-[4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 539 539 1.6  105

6-(1-benzofuran-5-yl)- 4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 5-[4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 535 535 1.7   63

6-(2-chloro-5- methylphenyl)-4-{[(1R)- 1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 5-[4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 543 543 1.8  712

7-(2-chloro-5- methylphenyl)-4-{[(1R)- 1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 5-[4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 543 543 1.9   18

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 6-(4-methylpyridin-2- yl)-5-[4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 510 510 1.10  26

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 6-[4-(1- methylethyl)pyridin-2- yl]-5-[4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 538 538 1.11  50

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 7-methyl-6-[4-(1- methylethyl)pyridin-2- yl]-5-[4- (trifluoromethyl)benzyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 552 552

Preparative Example 2.1 2,4-dichloro-6-(m-tolyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine

Step 1: To a solution of 3-methylbenzoylacetonitrile (2 g, 12.56 mmol) and p-toluenesulfonic anhydride (4.92 g, 15.08 mmol) in DCM, TEA (2.63 ml, 18.85 mmol) was added at 0° C. The mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-30% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to afford (E)-2-cyano-1-(m-tolyl)vinyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate as a white solid. MS ESI calc'd. for C₁₇H₁₅NO₃S [M+H]⁺ 314. found 314.

Step 2: To a flask was added absolute EtOH (50 mL). Small pieces of sodium metal (1.144 g, 49.8 mmol) were added portionwise under Ar. After all of the sodium was consumed, a solution of (E)-2-cyano-1-(m-tolyl)vinyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (3.9 g, 12.45 mmol) and diethyl aminomalonate hydrochloride (3.16 g, 14.93 mmol) in EtOH (65 ml) and THF (10 ml) was added dropwise through an addition funnel. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 4 h and concentrated under reduced pressure to give an orange solid. Water and EtOAc were added, and the aqueous layer was back extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-50% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to afford ethyl 3-amino-5-(m-tolyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate as a purple solid. MS ESI calc'd. for C₁₄H₁₆N₂O₂ [M+H]⁺ 245. found 245.

Step 3: To a flask was added ethyl 3-amino-5-(m-tolyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylate (2.2 g, 9.01 mmol), followed by acetic acid (35 ml) and water (4 ml). Potassium cyanate (2.192 g, 27.0 mmol) dissolved in H₂O (6 mL) was then added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The precipitate formed was collected by filtration and washed with water and ether. The collected solid was dried and then added to aq. sodium hydroxide solution (25 ml, 125 mmol, 5 M) in a sealed flask. The suspension was heated at 107° C. for 6 h. The reaction mixture was acidified using HCl (1N) to pH 6. The resulting precipitate was filtered, washed with water, and dried to afford 6-(m-tolyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diol as a grey solid which was used in the next step without further purification. MS ESI calc'd. for C₁₃H₁₁N₃O₂ [M+H]⁺ 242. found 242.

Step 4: To a sealed flask containing 6-(m-tolyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2,4-diol (1 g, 4.15 mmol) was added phosphoryl chloride (15 ml, 161 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 120° C. overnight. Phosphoryl chloride was removed in vacuo to give a dark residue. Ice water was added, and the pH of the reaction mixture was adjusted to pH 6 by the addition of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The solid was filtered and washed with water (20 mL) and then ether (20 mL). The filtrate was extracted with DCM (3×20 mL) and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-50% ethyl acetate/hexane, linear gradient) to afford 2,4-dichloro-6-(m-tolyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine. MS ESI calc'd. for C₁₃H₉Cl₂N₃ [M+H]⁺ 278. found 278.

Example 2.1 5-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1: To 2,4-dichloro-6-(m-tolyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (Preparative Example 2.1, 100 mg, 0.36 mmol) dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.45 mL) were added potassium carbonate (99 mg, 0.72 mmol) and 2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl bromide (204 mg, 0.72 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The water layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×), and the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to afford 2,4-dichloro-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine. MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₁H₁₃Cl₂F₃N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ 481. found 481.

Step 2: To a solution of 2,4-dichloro-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (221 mg, 0.28 mmol) in ethanol (1.8 mL) were added (1R)-1-cyclobutylethanamine hydrochloride (75 mg, 0.55 mmol) and triethylamine (0.077 mL, 0.55 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, and washed with hydrochloric acid (1.0 M in water, 2×). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to afford 2-chloro-N-[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine. MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₅ClF₃N₅O₂ [M+H]⁺ 544. found 544.

Step 3: Iron (33.1 mg, 0.59 mmol) was added to 2-chloro-N-[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-[2-nitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (107 mg, 0.20 mmol) dissolved in ethanol (1.5 mL) and water (0.24 mL). Saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (0.24 mL) was added, and the reaction was sealed and heated to 70° C. for 16 hours. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, and filtered over celite. The filter cake was washed with 1:1 ethyl acetate:ethanol (3×), the filtrate was concentrated, and the residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-70% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to afford 5-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-2-chloro-N-[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine. MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₇ClF₃N₅ [M+H]⁺ 514. found 514.

Step 4: N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.55 mL) was added to 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (10.4 mg, 0.02 mmol) and allylpalladium(II) chloride dimer (2 mg, 0.005 mmol) in an oven-dried, nitrogen cooled vial. The vial was evacuated and backfilled with argon (3×), and then sealed and heated at 60° C. for 1 hour. To a separate vial were added zinc cyanide (16.6 mg, 0.14 mmol), 5-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-2-chloro-N-[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (56 mg, 0.11 mmol), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.55 mL). The mixture was degassed for 15 minutes. The activated catalyst solution described above was added, the vial was capped, and the reaction was stirred at 120° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water, filtered, and dried over Na₂SO₄. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-70% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to afford 5-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₈H₂₇F₃N₆ [M+H]⁺ 505. found 505.

Step 5: Sodium hydroxide (5.0 M in water, 0.66 mL, 3.29 mmol) was added to 5-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (43 mg, 0.08 mmol) dissolved in ethanol (1 mL). The mixture was heated for 2 hours at 70° C. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, and washed with hydrochloric acid (1.0 M in water, 10 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by mass triggered, reverse phase (C-18) preparative HPLC (acetonitrile:water: 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid modifier) to afford 5-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (as a TFA salt). MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₈H₂₈F₃N₅O₂ [M+H]⁺ 524. found 524. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.35-7.20 (m, 4H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=7.5, 1H), 6.63 (s, 1H), 6.32 (s, 1H), 5.72 (s, 2H), 5.40-5.26 (m, 1H), 5.22-5.11 (m, 1H), 4.91-4.75 (m, 1H), 4.33-4.17 (m, 1H), 2.31 (d, J=10.2, 3H), 2.09-1.94 (m, 1H), 1.88 (d, J=3.3, 1H), 1.80-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.65-1.55 (m, 1H), 1.54-1.39 (m, 2H), 1.38-1.28 (m, 1H), 1.22 (s, 1H), 0.79 (s, 3H).

Example 2.2 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Sodium hydroxide (5.0 M in water, 0.795 mL, 3.98 mmol) was added to 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (50 mg, 0.1 mmol, prepared using procedures which were analogous to those described above in Example 2.1) dissolved in ethanol (2 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with hydrochloric acid (1.0 M in water, 10 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by mass triggered, reverse phase (C-18) preparative HPLC (acetonitrile:water: 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid modifier) to afford 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (as a TFA salt). MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₆F₃N₅O₂ [M+H]⁺ 510. found 510. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 8.84 (1H, d, J=2.06 Hz), 8.18-8.19 (1H, m), 7.39-7.40 (1H, m), 7.32-7.33 (1H, m), 7.25 (2H, s), 7.23 (1H, s), 7.08-7.09 (1H, m), 6.69 (1H, s), 5.96-5.97 (1H, m), 5.69-5.70 (1H, m), 4.43-4.44 (1H, m), 2.31-2.32 (4H, m), 1.86-1.87 (1H, m), 1.64-1.65 (1H, m), 1.56-1.57 (2H, m), 1.41-1.42 (1H, m), 1.00 (3H, d, J=6.50 Hz).

The following compounds in Table 2 (other than Example 2.1 and Example 2.2) were prepared using procedures which were analogous to those described above in Example 2.1 (Step 1, Step 2, Step 4 and Step 5).

TABLE 2 FRET IC₅₀ Salt [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ Ex. (nM) Structure IUPAC Name Form Calc'd Obsv'd 2.1  11

5-[2-amino-4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl]-4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl] amino}-6-(3- methylphenyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 524 524 2.2  844

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl] amino}-6-(3- methylphenyl)-5-{[5- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin- 2-yl]methyl}-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 510 510 2.3  348

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl] amino}-6-(3- methylphenyl)-5-[4- (trifluoromethoxy) benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 525 525 2.4  267

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl] amino}-5-[3-fluoro-4- (trifluoromethoxy) benzyl]-6-(3- methylphenyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 543 543 2.5 4374

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 5-[2-methoxy-4- (trifluoromethoxy) benzyl]-6-(3- methylphenyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 555 555 2.6 1779

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl] amino}-5-[4- (difluoromethoxy) benzyl]-6-(3- methylphenyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid 507 507 2.7  87

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl] amino}-5-[3-fluoro-4- (trifluoromethyl) benzyl]-6-(3- methylphenyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid 527 527 2.8 6188

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl] amino}-5-(4- methoxybenzyl)-6- (3-methylphenyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid 471 471

Example 3.1 5-(4-chloro-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1: To a solution of 2,4-dichloro-6-(m-tolyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (Preparative Example 2.1) (1.25 g, 4.49 mmol) in ethanol (15 mL) were added (1R)-1-cyclobutylethanamine hydrochloride (1.22 g, 8.99 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (3.14 mL, 18 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at 70° C. for 3 days. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, and washed with hydrochloric acid (1.0 M in water, 2×). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-80% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to afford 2-chloro-N-[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine. MS ESI calc'd. for C₁₉H₂₁ClN₄ [M+H]⁺ 341. found 341.

Step 2: N,N-dimethylacetamide (7.8 mL) was added to 2-dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl (372 mg, 0.78 mmol) and allylpalladium(II) chloride dimer (71 mg, 0.195 mmol) in an oven-dried, nitrogen cooled vial. The vial was evacuated and backfilled with argon (3×), and then sealed and heated at 60° C. for 1 hour. To a separate vial were added zinc cyanide (596 mg, 5.1 mmol), 2-chloro-N-[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-4-amine (1.33 g, 3.9 mmol), and N,N-dimethylacetamide (7.8 mL). The mixture was degassed for 15 minutes. The activated catalyst solution described above was added, the vial was capped, and the reaction was stirred at 120° C. for 1 hour. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and partitioned between water and EtOAc. The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-70% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to afford 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₀H₂₁N₅ [M+H]⁺ 332. found 332.

Step 3: To 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (60 mg, 0.18 mmol) dissolved in N,N-dimethylacetamide (0.25 mL) were added potassium carbonate (50 mg, 0.36 mmol) and 4-chloro-3-fluorobenzyl bromide (44.5 mg, 0.2 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 days. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The water layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×), and the combined organic layers were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography (0-70% ethyl acetate/hexanes, linear gradient) to afford 5-(4-chloro-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₅ClFN₅ [M+H]⁺ 474. found 474.

Step 4: Sodium hydroxide (5.0 M in water, 0.49 mL, 2.44 mmol) was added to 5-(4-chloro-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (37 mg, 0.06 mmol) dissolved in ethanol (1 mL). The mixture was heated for 2 hours at 70° C. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, diluted with ethyl acetate, and washed with hydrochloric acid (1.0 M in water, 10 mL). The organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by mass triggered, reverse phase (C-18) preparative HPLC (acetonitrile:water: 0.1% v/v trifluoroacetic acid modifier) to afford 5-(4-chloro-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (as a TFA salt). MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₆ClFN₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ 493. found 493. ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 7.43-7.44 (2H, m), 7.34 (2H, d, J=8.58 Hz), 7.29 (1H, d, J=7.66 Hz), 6.85 (1H, d, J=10.16 Hz), 6.74 (1H, s), 6.48 (1H, d, J=8.44 Hz), 5.84 (1H, d, J=18.32 Hz), 5.57 (1H, d, J=18.32 Hz), 4.46-4.49 (1H, m), 2.30-2.38 (4H, m), 1.89 (1H, d, J=9.77 Hz), 1.67 (1H, t, J=8.60 Hz), 1.51-1.61 (2H, m), 1.46 (1H, br s), 1.35-1.42 (1H, m), 1.00 (3H, d, J=6.52 Hz).

The following compounds in Table 3 (other than Example 3.1) were prepared using procedures which were analogous to those described above in Example 3.1 (Step 1 to Step 4).

TABLE 3 FRET IC₅₀ Salt [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ Ex. (nM) Structure IUPAC Name Form Calc'd Obsv'd 3.1  21

5-(4-chloro-3- fluorobenzyl)-4-{[(1R)- 1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 493 493 3.2 530

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 5-[4- (difluoromethyl)benzyl]- 6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid 491 491 3.3 178

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 6-(3-methylphenyl)-5- {[6- (trifluoromethyl)pyridin- 3-yl]methyl}-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 510 510 3.4  15

5-(4-bromo-3- fluorobenzyl)-4-{[(1R)- 1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 537 537 3.5 126

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 5-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)- 6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 477 477 3.6 124

4-{[(1R)-1- cyclobutylethyl]amino}- 5-(3-fluoro-4- methylbenzyl)-6-(3- methylphenyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2- carboxylic acid TFA 473 473

Preparative Example 4.1 trans-1-(bromomethyl)-4-methylcyclohexane

Step 1: To a solution of trans-4-methylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid (113.6 g, 0.8 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (800 mL) was added borane in tetrahydrofuran (1M, 800 mL, 0.8 mol) dropwise at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere over 1 h. The reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 8 h. The reaction was quenched with NH₄Cl solution at 0° C., diluted with water (2 L) and extracted with ethyl acetate (1 L×3). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2×1 L) and brine (1 L), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give (trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methanol, which was used in the next step without further purification.

Step 2: To a solution of (trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methanol (150 g, 1.17 mol) and CBr₄ (450 g, 1.35 mol) in dichloromethane (1.0 L) was added PPh₃ (300 g, 1.17 mol) dissolved in dichloromethane (0.5 L) dropwise at 0° C. over 1 h. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 12 h. The reaction was then filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was diluted with hexane:EtOAc (9:1) (3 L) and stirred for 1 h. The solids were removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated to give trans-1-(bromomethyl)-4-methylcyclohexane.

Preparative Example 4.2 2,4-dichloro-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine

To a solution of 2,4-dichloro-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (2.00 g, 10.6 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) at 0° C. was added NaH (60% suspension in mineral oil; 660 mg, 16.5 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes under a nitrogen atmosphere. Trans-1-(bromomethyl)-4-methylcyclohexane (Preparative Example 4.1, 4.11 g, 32.1 mmol) was then added, and the resulting mixture was heated to 100° C. for 20 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and diluted with water (300 mL) and ethyl acetate (100 mL). The two layers were separated, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×100 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0-100% ethyl acetate/hexanes) afforded 2,4-dichloro-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.46 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.63 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.66-1.84 (m, 3H), 1.53-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.24-1.39 (m, 1H), 0.98-1.11 (m, 2H), 0.87 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.80-0.94 (m, 2H). MS ESI calc'd. for C₁₄H₁₇Cl₂N₃ [M+H]⁺ 298. found 298.

Preparative Example 4.3 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile

Step 1: A microwave vial was flushed with nitrogen and charged with 2,4-dichloro-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (Preparative Example 4.2, 381 mg, 1.28 mmol), (3-chlorophenyl)boronic acid (220 mg, 1.41 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (148 mg, 0.13 mmol), and Na₂CO₃ (271 mg, 2.56 mmol). Degassed 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) and water (2.5 mL) were added to the vial. The vial was sealed, and the reaction was irradiated in a microwave reactor at 100° C. for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, quenched with water (10 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 30% EtOAc/hexanes) afforded 2-chloro-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine. MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₀H₂₁Cl₂N₃ [M+H]⁺ 374. found 374.

Step 2: A vial was flushed with nitrogen and charged with 2-chloro-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (175 mg, 0.47 mmol), Zn(CN)₂ (271 mg, 0.23 mmol) and Pd(PPh₃)₄ (148 mg, 0.13 mmol). Degassed DMA (4.7 mL) was added. The reaction vial was sealed and heated at 115° C. for 17 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, quenched with water (25 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 50% EtOAc/hexanes) afforded 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.57-7.60 (m, 2H), 7.56 (m, 1H), 7.51 (m, 1H), 7.46 (m, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.48-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.03-1.22 (m, 2H), 0.95-1.03 (m, 2H), 0.79 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.54-0.77 (m, 4H). MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₁H₂₁ClN₄ [M+H]⁺ 365. found 365.

Preparative Example 4.4 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile

Step 1: A microwave vial was flushed with nitrogen and charged with 2,4-dichloro-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (Preparative Example 4.2, 1.00 g, 6.71 mmol), (5-chloropyridin-3-yl)boronic acid (530 mg, 6.71 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (330 mg, 0.671 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (1.08 g, 20.4 mmol). Degassed 1,4-dioxane (8.3 mL) and water (1.7 mL) were added. The vial was sealed, and the reaction was irradiated in a microwave reactor at 100° C. for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×50 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (40 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 50% ethyl acetate/hexanes afforded 2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine. MS ESI calc'd. for C₁₉H₂₀Cl₂N₄ [M+H]⁺ 375. found 375.

Step 2: A vial was flushed with nitrogen and charged with H₂SO₄ (23.5 mg, 0.48 mmol), Pd (OAc)₂ (54.0 mg, 0.48 mmol), 1,1′-is(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (133 mg, 0.48 mmol) and degassed DMA (11.1 mL). The vial was sealed, and the reaction was heated at 80° C. for 30 minutes. A second vial was flushed with nitrogen and charged with 2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (750 mg, 3.98 mmol), Zn(CN)₂ (116 mg, 0.99 mmol), Zn dust (12.5 mg, 0.40 mmol) and the catalyst solution in DMA described above. The vial was sealed and heated at 95° C. for 14 hours. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (200 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (250 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (150 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 5% ethyl acetate/dichloromethane) followed by trituration with acetonitrile afforded 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.79 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.70 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.99 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.62 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.78 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.51-1.62 (m, 1H), 0.92-1.29 (m, 4H), 0.80 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.54-0.78 (m, 5H). MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₀H₂₀ClN₅ [M+H]⁺ 366. found 366.

Example 4.1 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

To a solution of 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Preparative Example 4.3, 15.0 mg, 0.041 mmol) in ethanol (0.5 mL) was added NaOH (6 M aqueous solution; 0.41 mL, 2.5 mmol), and the reaction was heated at reflux for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in water (2.0 mL), and the mixture was acidified to pH 2 with 2 N aqueous HCl solution. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (5.0 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to afford 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.06 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1H), 7.80 (m, 1H), 7.68 (m, 1H), 7.57-7.65 (m, 2H), 6.85 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.40-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.06-1.16 (m, 1H), 0.92-1.04 (m, 1H), 0.78-0.91 (m, 2H), 0.74 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.63-0.73 (m, 2H), 0.46-0.61 (m, 2H). MS ESI calc'd. for C₂₁H₂₂ClN₃O₂ [M+H]⁺ 384. found 384.

Example 4.2 3-{4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one

Step 1: A solution of NH₂OH.HCl (13.9 mg, 0.20 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (25.2 mg, 0.30 mmol) in water (0.5 mL) was stirred for 10 minutes, allowing gas to evolve. This solution was then added to a solution of 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Preparative Example 4.3, 36.0 mg, 0.10 mmol) in EtOH (0.5 mL), and the reaction was heated at reflux for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated to dryness. The resulting residue was azeotroped with toluene (3×2 mL) to give crude 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-N′-hydroxy-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboximidamide, which was used for the next step without further purification. MS APCI calc'd. for C₂₁H₂₄ClN₅O [M+H]⁺ 398. found 398.

Step 2: To a solution of 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-N′-hydroxy-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboximidamide (60.0 mg, 0.15 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.0 mL) was added CU (81.1 mg, 0.50 mmol) and DBU (45 μL, 0.30 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was then concentrated, and the residue was diluted with water (10 mL) and extracted with dichloromethane (3×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were sequentially washed with aqueous 1 N HCl solution (2×5 mL) and brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to afford 3-{4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.54-7.62 (m, 3H), 7.45-7.53 (m, 2H), 6.88 (d, J=3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 1.46-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.04-1.21 (m, 2H), 0.95-1.04 (m, 2H), 0.79 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.54-0.77 (m, 4H). MS ES calc'd. for C₂₂H₂₂ClN₅O₂ [M+H]⁺ 424. found 424.

Example 4.5 5-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one

Step 1: A solution of 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Preparative Example 4.4, 60.0 mg, 0.16 mmol) in 3 M methanolic HCl (5.0 mL) was heated at 85° C. in a sealed tube for 5 hours. The reaction was allowed to cool to room temperature, quenched with saturated aqueous NaHCO₃ (10 mL), and extracted with dichloromethane (5×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 20% EtOAc/dichloromethane) afforded methyl 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylate. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₁H₂₃ClN₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ 399. found 399.

Step 2: To a solution of methyl 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylate (46 mg, 0.12 mmol) in methanol (0.5 mL) was added hydrazine (1 M in THF; 4.6 mL, 4.6 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 16 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was then diluted with water (12 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to afford crude 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbohydrazide, which was used in the next step without further purification. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₀H₂₃ClN₆O [M+H]⁺ 399. found 399.

Step 3: To a solution of 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbohydrazide (40 mg, 0.10 mmol) in acetonitrile (1.1 mL) were added CU (325 mg, 2.0 mmol) and DBU (0.05 mL, 0.3 mmol). The reaction was stirred at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere for 5 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated, and water (10 mL) was added. The mixture was extracted with dichloromethane (3×15 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to dryness. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 5% methanol/dichloromethane) afforded 5-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 10.3 (br s, 1H), 8.78 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.75 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.04 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.49-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.07-1.22 (m, 2H), 0.95-1.07 (m, 2H), 0.79 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.56-0.76 (m, 4H). MS ES calc'd. for C₂₁H₂₁ClN₆O₂ [M+H]⁺ 425. found 425.

Examples 4.3 and 4.4 were prepared using procedures similar to those described for Examples 4.1 and 4.2.

TABLE 4 FRET IC₅₀ Salt [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ Ex. (nM) Structure Chemical Name Form Calc'd Obsv'd 4.1 294

4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5- [(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid 384 384 4.2 132

3-{4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5- [(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4- oxadiazol-5(4H)-one 424 424 4.3 247

4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5- [(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid 385 385 4.4  57

3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3- yl)-5-[(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4- oxadiazol-5(4H)-one 425 425 4.5  95

5-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3- yl)-5-[(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,3,4- oxadiazol-2(3H)-one 425 425

Preparative Example 5.1 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile

Step 1: To a solution of 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Preparative Example 4.3, 113 mg, 0.31 mmol) in THF (4.0 mL) at room temperature was added N-iodosuccinimide (698 mg, 3.1 mmol), and the resulting solution was heated at 60° C. for 16 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 50% EtOAc/hexanes) afforded 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-iodo-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₁H₂₀ClIN₄ [M+H]⁺ 491. found 491.

Step 2: A microwave vial was flushed with nitrogen and charged with 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-iodo-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (90 mg, 0.18 mmol), 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriborinane (0.2 mL, 1.1 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (15 mg, 0.02 mmol) and K₃PO₄ (117 mg, 0.55 mmol). Degassed 1,4-dioxane (1.8 mL) and water (0.2 mL) were added, the vial was sealed, and the reaction was irradiated in a microwave reactor at 100° C. for 15 minutes. The reaction was cooled to room temperature, quenched with water (10 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 30% EtOAc/hexanes) afforded 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.41-7.59 (m, 4H), 7.35 (br s, 1H), 3.68 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.42 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 3H), 1.47-1.59 (m, 2H), 0.96-1.24 (m, 4H), 0.79 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.52-0.76 (m, 4H). MS ES calc'd. for C₂₂H₂₃ClN₄ [M+H]⁺ 379. found 379.

Preparative Example 5.2 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-methyl-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile

Using a procedure analogous that described for the synthesis of Preparative Example 5.1, and starting with Preparative Example 4.4, 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile, 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-methyl-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile was prepared. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.78 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.68 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (d, J=1.0 Hz, 3H), 1.49-1.62 (m, 2H), 0.84-1.23 (m, 4H), 0.79 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.55-0.78 (m, 4H). MS ES calc'd. for C₂₁H₂₂ClN₅ [M+H]⁺ 380. found 380. Preparative Example 5.3 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-iodo-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile

Using a procedure analogous to that described for the synthesis of Preparative Example 5.1 (Step 1), and starting with Preparative Example 4.4, 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile, 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-iodo-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile was prepared.

Example 5.1 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Using a procedure analogous that described for the synthesis of Example 4.1, and starting with 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Preparative Example 5.1), 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid was prepared. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.43-7.62 (m, 4H), 7.38 (br s, 1H), 3.69 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 1.47-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.05-1.21 (m, 1H), 0.97-1.05 (m, 2H), 0.79 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.54-0.75 (m, 5H). MS ES calc'd. for C₂₂H₂₄ClN₃O₂ [M+H]⁺ 398. found 398.

Example 5.2 3-{4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one

Using a procedure analogous to that described for the synthesis of Example 4.2, and starting with 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Preparative Example 5.1), 3-{4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one was prepared. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 7.43-7.61 (m, 4H), 7.34 (d, J=0.6 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 2.43 (br s, 3H), 1.45-1.59 (m, 2H), 1.07-1.20 (m, 1H), 0.97-1.07 (m, 2H), 0.82-0.94 (m, 1H), 0.79 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.52-0.76 (m, 4H). MS ES calc'd. for C₂₃H₂₄ClN₅O₂ [M+H]⁺ 438. found 438.

Example 5.5 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-phenyl-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1: A microwave vial was flushed with nitrogen and charged with 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-iodo-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Preparative Example 5.3, 9.0 mg, 0.018 mmol), phenylboronic acid (2.5 mg, 0.020 mmol), Pd(PPh₃)₄ (2.1 mg, 0.0018 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (3.8 mg, 0.036 mmol). Degassed 1,4-dioxane (0.16 mL) and water (0.04 mL) were added. The resulting solution was irradiated in a microwave reactor at 100° C. for 15 minutes. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (5 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a C18 column (0 to 100% acetonitrile/water) afforded 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-7-phenyl-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₆H₂₄ClN₅ [M+H]⁺ 442. found 442.

Step 2: Using a procedure analogous to that described for the synthesis of Example 4.1, and starting with 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-7-phenyl-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile, 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-phenyl-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid was prepared. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.60-8.91 (m, 2H), 7.91-8.20 (m, 3H), 7.85 (s, 1H), 7.30-7.61 (m, 3H), 360-3.90 (m, 2H), 1.46-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.02-1.23 (m, 4H), 0.80 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.61-0.84 (m, 4H). MS ES calc'd. for C₂₆H₂₅ClN₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ 461. found 461.

Example 5.6 5-{7-benzyl-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one

Step 1: A microwave vial was flushed with nitrogen and charged with 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-iodo-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Preparative Example 5.3, 160 mg, 0.33 mmol), 2-benzyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (0.08 ml, 0.36 mmol), PdCl₂(dppf) (54.0 mg, 0.07 mmol) and Na₂CO₃ (104 mg, 0.98 mmol). Degassed 1,4-dioxane (2.6 mL) and water (0.6 mL) were added, the vial was sealed, and the reaction was irradiated in a microwave reactor at 100° C. for 15 minutes followed by conventional heating at 100° C. for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (10 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a C18 column (0 to 100% acetonitrile/water) afforded 7-benzyl-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₆ClN₅ [M+H]⁺ 456. found 456.

Steps 2-4: Using a procedure analogous to that described for the synthesis of Example 4.5 (Steps 1-3), and starting with 7-benzyl-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile, 5-{7-benzyl-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one was prepared. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.75 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.71 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.00 (t, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.12-7.40 (m, 6H), 4.27 (s, 2H), 3.64 (d, J=6.9 Hz, 2H), 1.46-1.82 (m, 2H), 0.94-1.20 (m, 4H), 0.78 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H), 0.52-0.75 (m, 4H). MS ES calc'd. for C₂₈H₂₇ClN₆O₂ [M+H]⁺ 515. found 515.

Example 5.7 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-methylpropyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1: To a solution of 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-iodo-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Preparative Example 5.3, 200 mg, 0.41 mmol) in DMF (1.6 mL) under an argon atmosphere was added PdCl₂(dtbpf) (13.4 mg, 0.02 mmol) followed by isobutylzinc bromide (0.5 M in THF, 1.95 mL, 0.98 mmol), and the resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction was then diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×40 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 20% ethyl acetate/hexanes) afforded 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-isobutyl-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₄H₂₈ClN₅ [M+H]⁺ 422. found 422.

Step 2: Using a procedure analogous to that described for the synthesis of Example 4.1 and starting with 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-isobutyl-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile, 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-methylpropyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid was prepared. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.63-8.88 (m, 2H), 8.02 (m, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H), 3.73 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.79 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 2.10 (m, 1H), 1.52-1.60 (m, 2H), 0.98 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 6H), 0.94-1.20 (m, 4H), 0.79 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.55-0.77 (m, 4H). MS ES calc'd. for C₂₄H₂₉ClN₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ 441. found 441.

Examples 5.3, 5.4, and 5.8 were prepared using procedures similar to those described above.

TABLE 5 FRET IC₅₀ Salt [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ Ex. (nM) Structure Chemical Name Form Calc'd Obsv'd 5.1 226

4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7- methyl-5-[(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid 398 398 5.2 107

3-{4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7- methyl-5-[(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4- oxadiazol-5(4H)-one 438 438 5.3 88

4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7- methyl-5-[(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid 399 399 5.4 36

3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3- yl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4- oxadiazol-5(4H)-one 439 439 5.5 72

4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5- [(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 7-phenyl-5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid 461 461 5.6 54

5-{7-benzyl-4-(5- chloropyridin-3-yl)-5- [(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,3,4- oxadiazol-2(3H)-one 515 515 5.7 71

4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5- [(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 7-(2-methylpropyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine- 2-carboxylic acid 441 441 5.8 35

3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3- yl)-5-[(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 7-(2-methylpropyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2- yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)- one 481 481

Example 6.1 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Step 1: To a solution of 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-iodo-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Preparative Example 5.3, 391 mg, 0.796 mmol), 3-vinylpyridine (0.17 mL, 1.59 mmol), and triethylamine (0.22 mL, 1.59 mmol) in DMF (8.0 mL) were added Pd₂(dba)₃ (36.4 mg, 0.0398 mmol) and P(o-tol)₃ (24.2 mg, 0.0796 mmol), and the mixture was heated at 100° C. for 1 hour under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature, diluted with water (30 mL), and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (2×50 mL) and brine (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 100% EtOAc/dichloromethane) afforded 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-7-((E)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)vinyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS APCI calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₅ClN₆ [M+H]⁺ 469. found 469.

Step 2: PtO₂ (15.0 mg, 0.066 mmol) was added to a degassed solution of 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-7-((E)-2-(pyridin-3-yl)vinyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (150 mg, 0.321 mmol) in EtOH/THF (2:1, 3.0 mL), and the resulting mixture was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere (balloon) for 18 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through a pad of celite, and the filter cake was washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was concentrated, and purification by flash chromatography on a silica gel column (0 to 60% EtOAc/hexanes) afforded 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-7-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS APCI calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₇ClN₆ [M+H]⁺ 471. found 471.

Step 3: To a solution of 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-7-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (17.0 mg, 0.036 mmol) in ethanol (1.0 mL) was added NaOH (6 M aqueous solution; 0.3 mL, 1.8 mmol), and the reaction was heated at reflux for 4.5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The residue was dissolved in water (2.0 mL), and the mixture was acidified to pH 5 with 2 N aqueous HCl solution. The solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (5.0 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a C18 column (10 to 100% acetonitrile/water) afforded 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₈ClN₅O₂ [M+H]⁺ 490. found 490. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.60-8.79 (m, 2H), 8.33-8.48 (m, 2H), 7.93-8.05 (m, 1H), 7.43-7.56 (m, 1H), 7.05-7.24 (m, 2H), 3.55-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.20-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.02-3.19 (m, 2H), 1.41-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.05-1.19 (m, 1H), 0.82-1.04 (m, 3H), 0.78 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.50-0.69 (m, 4H).

Example 6.2 3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one

Step 1: A solution of NH₂OH.HCl (8.9 mg, 0.128 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (16.1 mg, 0.191 mmol) in water (0.5 mL) was stirred for 10 minutes, allowing gas to evolve. This solution was then added to 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-7-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Example 6.1, step 2; 30.0 mg, 0.0638 mmol) in EtOH (1.0 mL), and the reaction was heated at reflux for 2 hours. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and concentrated. The resulting residue was azeotroped with toluene (3×2 mL) to give crude 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-N′-hydroxy-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-7-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboximidamide, which was used for the next step without further purification. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₇H₃₀ClN₇O [M+H]⁺ 504. found 504.

Step 2: To a solution of 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-N′-hydroxy-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-7-(2-(pyridin-3-yl)ethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboximidamide (40.0 mg, 0.079 mmol) in DMF (1.0 mL) were added CDI (51.7 mg, 0.319 mmol) and DIPEA (33 μL, 0.191 mmol), and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 60 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. Additional CDI (31.0 mg, 0.191 mmol) was added, and the reaction mixture was heated at 60° C. for 18 h. The reaction was then diluted with dichloromethane (10 mL) and washed with water (3×10 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) afforded 3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₈H₂₈ClN₇O₂ [M+H]⁺ 530. found 530. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.85 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.82 (d, J=1.6 Hz, 1H), 8.43 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.38 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.35 (dd, J=4.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.76 (br s, 1H), 7.63 (td, J=4.2, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.20-7.28 (m, 1H), 3.68 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.07-3.17 (m, 4H), 1.38-1.48 (m, 2H), 0.99-1.16 (m, 1H), 0.80-0.94 (m, 1H), 0.70-0.80 (m, 5H), 0.44-0.69 (m, 4H).

The compounds in Table 6 were prepared as described above.

TABLE 6 FRET IC₅₀ Salt [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ Ex. (nM) Structure Chemical Name Form Calc'd Obsv'd 6.1 47

4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5- [(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 7-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine- 2-carboxylic acid 490 490 6.2 13

3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3- yl)-5-[(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 7-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2- yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)- one 530 530

Example 7.1 3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one

Step 1: POCl₃ (4.0 mL) was added to DMF (16 mL) at 0° C. dropwise and stirred at 0° C. for 30 minutes. Then a solution of 2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (Preparative Example 4.4, Step 1; 1.50 g, 4.00 mmol) in DMF (5.0 mL) was added dropwise, and the resulting mixture was heated at 60° C. for 16 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and diluted with saturated aqueous Na₂CO₃, adjusting the pH to 7. The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with water (3×50 mL) and brine (50 mL). The organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to afford 2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-7-carbaldehyde. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₀H₂₀Cl₂N₄O [M+H]⁺ 403. found 403.

Step 2: To a solution of 3-bromopyridine (0.21 g, 0.522 mmol) in Et₂O (5 mL) was added n-BuLi (2.0 M in hexanes; 1.01 mL, 2.02 mmol) at −78° C., and the reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 hour under a nitrogen atmosphere. This solution was then added in four portions at 30 minute intervals to a solution of 2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-7-carbaldehyde (0.21 g, 0.522 mmol) in Et₂O/THF (3:1; 5 mL) at −78° C., and the reaction was allowed to continue stirring for an additional 30 min at −78° C. after the final addition. The reaction was then quenched with aqueous saturated NH₄Cl solution (40 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×40 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 100% EtOAc/hexanes) afforded (2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)(pyridin-3-yl)methanol. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₅H₂₅Cl₂N₅O [M+H]⁺ 482. found 482.

Step 3: To a solution of (2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-7-yl)(pyridin-3-yl)methanol (0.14 g, 0.29 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (5 mL) were added Et₃SiH (0.101 g, 0.871 mmol) and TFA (80 μL). The reaction was heated at reflux for 16 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was then quenched with aqueous saturated NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×20 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 100% EtOAc/hexanes) afforded 2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-7-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₅H₂₅Cl₂N₅ [M+H]⁺ 466. found 466.

Steps 4-6: Using procedures similar to those described in Preparative Example 4.4 (Step 2) and Example 8.2 (Steps 1 and 2), 2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-7-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine was converted to 3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₆ClN₇O₂ [M+H]⁺ 516. found 516. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.77-9.00 (m, 1H), 8.72 (m, 2H), 8.67 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 8.58 (br s, 1H), 8.42 (t, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (br s, 1H), 8.05 (s, 1H), 7.63 (br s, 1H), 4.30 (s, 2H), 3.77 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 2H), 1.41-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.11 (m, 1H) 0.79-0.91 (m, 4H), 0.74 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.45-0.64 (m, 3H).

Example 7.1 was prepared as described above.

TABLE 7 FRET IC₅₀ Salt [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ Ex. (nM) Structure Chemical Name Form Calc'd Obsv'd 7.1 52

3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3- yl)-5-[(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 7-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-5H- pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2- yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)- one 516 516

Example 8.1 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (racemic)

Step 1: To a solution of 2,4-dichloro-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (Preparative Example 4.2, 50.0 mg, 0.17 mmol) in THF (1.7 mL) at −78° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere was added LDA (2.0 M in THF, 0.25 mL, 0.50 mmol), and the resulting solution was stirred at this temperature for 30 minutes. Next, 2-fluorobenzaldehyde (0.09 mL, 0.84 mmol) was added dropwise, and the reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 hour. The reaction was then quenched with a saturated aqueous solution of NH₄Cl (2 mL) and extracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 30% ethyl acetate/dichloromethane) afforded (2,4-dichloro-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)(2-fluorophenyl)methanol. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₁H₂₂Cl₂ FN₃O [M+H]⁺ 422. found 422.

Steps 2 and 3: Using procedures similar to those described for Preparative Example 4.4 (Steps 1 and 2) and starting with (2,4-dichloro-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)(2-fluorophenyl)methanol, 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-((2-fluorophenyl)(hydroxy)methyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile was prepared. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₅ClFN₅O [M+H]⁺ 490. found 490.

Step 4: To a solution of 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-((2-fluorophenyl)(hydroxy)methyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (70.0 mg, 0.14 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1.5 mL) at −10° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere was added DAST (0.04 mL, 0.29 mmol), and the resulting solution was stirred at this temperature for 1 hour. The reaction was then quenched with a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO₃ (5 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the resulting residue on a silica gel column (0 to 20% ethyl acetate/hexanes) afforded 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-(fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₄ClF₂N₅ [M+H]⁺ 492. found 492.

Step 5: To a solution of 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-(fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (19.0 mg, 0.04 mmol) in EtOH (2.0 mL) at 85° C. was added 6 M aqueous NaOH (0.13 mL, 0.77 mmol), and the resulting reaction was stirred at this temperature for 10 min. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and concentrated. Water was added, the pH was adjusted to pH 4 using 2 N aqueous HCl, and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a C18 column (0 to 100% acetonitrile/water) afforded 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₅ClF₂N₄O₂ [M+H]⁺ 511. found 511. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.67-8.82 (m, 2H), 8.15 (m, 1H), 7.47-7.65 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.41 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=47.2 Hz, 1H), 6.67 (br s, 1H), 3.77-4.01 (m, 2H), 1.50-1.61 (m, 2H), 1.01-1.21 (m, 2H), 0.84-0.92 (m, 2H), 0.79 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.75-0.83 (m, 2H), 0.50-0.64 (m, 2H).

Example 8.2 3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one

Step 1: A solution of NH₂OH.HCl (10.7 mg, 0.154 mmol) and NaHCO₃ (19.5 mg, 0.232 mmol) in water (0.5 mL) was stirred for 10 minutes, allowing gas to evolve. This solution was then added to 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-(fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Example 8.1, Step 4; 38.0 mg, 0.0772 mmol) in EtOH (1.0 mL), and the reaction was heated at reflux for 2 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and concentrated. Water (5 mL) was added to the residue, and the mixture was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated to give 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-(fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl)-N′-hydroxy-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboximidamide, which was used for the next step without further purification. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₇ClF₂N₆O [M+H]⁺ 525. found 525.

Step 2: To a solution of 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-(fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl)-N′-hydroxy-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboximidamide (34.0 mg, 0.065 mmol) in CH₃CN (1.0 mL) were added CDI (52.5 mg, 0.324 mmol) and DBU (29 μL, 0.194 mmol), and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere. Additional CDI (52.5 mg, 0.324 mmol) was added, and the reaction was stirred at room temperature for another 2 hours. The reaction was quenched with water (10 mL) and extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×15 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine (5 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 5% MeOH/CH₂Cl₂) afforded 3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₈H₂₅ClF₂N₆O₂ [M+H]⁺ 551. found 551. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.79 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.71 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 8.06 (t, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.63 (m, 2H), 7.30-7.38 (m, 1H), 7.14-7.22 (m, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=46.8 Hz, 1H), 6.62 (br s, 1H), 4.00 (dd, J=15.0, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (dd, J=15.0, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 1.50-1.59 (m, 2H), 0.92-1.20 (m, 3H), 0.78 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H), 0.69-0.87 (m, 3H), 0.49-0.63 (m, 2H).

Example 8.3 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[(1R or S)-1-fluoro-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid

Steps 1 and 2: Using procedures similar to those described in Example 8.1 (Step 1) and Preparative Example 4.4 (Step 1) and starting with 2,4-dichloro-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine (Preparative Example 4.2) and 3-fluoropicolinaldehyde, (2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methanol was prepared. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₅H₂₄Cl₂FN₅O [M+H]⁺ 500. found 500.

Step 3: To a stirred solution of (2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methanol (1.21 g, 2.00 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (20 mL) at 0° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere was added Dess-Martin periodinane (2.10 g, 4.00 mmol), and the resulting suspension was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction was then quenched with a 1:1 mixture of aqueous saturated NaHCO₃ solution (10 mL) and 10% aqueous Na₂S₂O₃ solution (10 mL) and diluted with CH₂Cl₂ (30 mL). The mixture was stirred vigorously for 30 minutes until clear separation of aqueous and organic phase was observed, and the aqueous layer was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3×30 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the residue on a silica gel column (0 to 10% ethyl acetate/dichloromethane) afforded (2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methanone. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₅H₂₂Cl₂FN₅O [M+H]⁺ 498. found 498.

Step 4: To a stirred solution of (2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)methanone (50.0 mg, 0.076 mmol) in THF (2.0 mL) at −78° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere was added methyl magnesium bromide (3 M in THF, 0.05 mL, 0.15 mmol), and the reaction was stirred for 2 hours at −78° C. The reaction mixture was then quenched with aqueous saturated NH₄Cl solution (5.0 mL) and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×10 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated. Purification of the resulting residue on a silica gel column (0 to 50% ethyl acetate/hexanes) afforded 1-(2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethanol. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₆H₂₆Cl₂FN₅O [M+H]⁺ 514. found 514.

Steps 5 and 6: Using procedures similar to those described in Preparative Example 4.4 (Step 2) and Example 8.1 (Step 4), 1-(2-chloro-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-((trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-6-yl)-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethanol was converted to 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[(1RS)-1-fluoro-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₅ClF₂N₆ [M+H]⁺ 507. found 507. The two enantiomers were separated using an AD chiral column and 10% IPA/heptane as eluent to provide Enantiomer 1 (faster eluting) and Enantiomer 2 (slower eluting).

Step 7: Starting with 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[(1R or S)-1-fluoro-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Enantiomer 1, faster eluting), and using a procedure similar to that described for Example 8.1 (Step 5), 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[(1R or S)-1-fluoro-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid was prepared. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₇H₂₆ClF₂N₅O₂ [M+H]⁺ 526. found 526. ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.75 (m, 1H), 8.63 (m, 1H), 8.35-8.47 (m, 1H), 8.07 (m, 1H), 7.38-7.58 (m, 2H), 6.89-7.22 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.83 (m, 2H), 2.39 (d, J=22.4 Hz, 3H), 1.36-1.51 (m, 3H), 0.79-1.09 (m, 2H), 0.71 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 0.28-0.64 (m, 5H).

Example 8.5 3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[(1R or S)-1-fluoro-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one

Steps 1 and 2: Starting with 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[(1R or S)-1-fluoro-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carbonitrile (Enantiomer 1, faster eluting enantiomer from Example 8.3 Step 6), and using a procedure similar to that described in Example 6.2 (Steps 1 and 2), 3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[(1R or S)-1-fluoro-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one was prepared. MS ES calc'd. for C₂₈H₂₆ClF₂N₇O₂ [M+H]⁺ 566. found 566. ¹H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 8.74 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 8.62 (m, 1H), 8.34-8.49 (m, 1H), 8.10 (s, 1H), 7.36-7.57 (m, 2H), 6.87-7.19 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.81 (m, 2H), 2.34 (d, J=22.2 Hz, 3H), 1.43-1.95 (m, 3H), 0.78-1.10 (m, 2H), 0.71 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 3H), 0.28-0.65 (m, 5H).

Example 8.4 was prepared using a procedure similar to Example 8.3 (Step 7) and starting with the slower eluting enantiomer from Example 8.3, Step 6. Example 8.6 was prepared using a procedure similar to Example 8.5 and starting with the slower eluting enantiomer from Example 8.3, Step 6.

TABLE 8 FRET IC₅₀ Salt [M + H]⁺ [M + H]⁺ Ex. (nM) Structure Chemical Name Form Calc'd Obsv'd 8.1 3

4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6- [fluoro(2- fluorophenyl)methyl]-5- [(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (racemate) 511 511 8.2 2

3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3- yl)-6-[fluoro(2- fluorophenyl)methyl]-5- [(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4- oxadiazol-5(4H)-one (racemate) 551 551 8.3 8

4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6- [(1R or S)-1-fluoro-1-(3- fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5- [(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (Enantiomer 1) 526 526 8.4 <1

4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6- [(1S or R)-1-fluoro-1-(3- fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5- [(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid (Enantiomer 2) 526 526 8.5 4.5

3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3- yl)-6-[(1R or S)-1-fluoro- 1-(3-fluoropyridin-2- yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4- oxadiazol-5(4H)-one (Enantiomer 1) 566 566 8.6 <1

3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3- yl)-6-[(1S or R)-1-fluoro- 1-(3-fluoropyridin-2- yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4- methylcyclohexyl)methyl]- 5H-pyrrolo[3,2- d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4- oxadiazol-5(4H)-one (Enantiomer 2) 566 566

Example 2: FRET Assay

Methods: An HDM2 FRET assay was developed to assess the compounds' inhibitory activity towards binding of p53 protein. A truncated version of HDM2 with residues 17 to 125 (containing p53 binding surface, Science (1994) 265, 346-355), with N-terminal His and Thioredoxin tag was generated in pET32a expression vector and expressed in E. coli strain BL21(DE3)Rosetta. Protein was purified using Ni-affinity chromatography, followed by size exclusion chromatography using Superdex 75 26/60 column. To assess inhibition of p53 binding to HDM2, a FITC labeled 8-mer peptide (SEQ ID NO:1: Ac-Phe-Arg-Dpr-Ac6c-(6-Br)Trp-Glu-Glu-Leu-NH₂; Anal Biochem. 2004 Aug. 1; 331(1):138-46) with strong affinity towards the p53 binding pocket of HDM2 was used. The HDM2 assay buffer contained 1× Phosphate Buffered Saline (Invitrogen, Cat#14190), 0.01% BSA (Jackson ImmunoResearch, Cat#001-000-162), 0.01% Tween-20. In the 1× assay buffer recombinant HDM2 protein, peptide and Lumi4-Tb Cryptate-conjugate mouse anti-6×His antibody (cisbio, Cat#Tb61HISTLB) were added and transferred to ProxiPlate PLUS (PerkinElmer, Cat#6008269), containing compounds so that final DMSO concentration is 0.1%. Final concentrations of reagents in the assay wells are 0.5 nM HDM2, 0.25 nM anti HIS (Tb label) antibody and 3 nM peptide. After two hour incubation at room temperature in a humidified chamber plates were read on EnVision plate reader with the following settings: excitation: UV, 340 nM, two emission filters: 520 nm and 495 nm respectively. Ratio of em520/em495 was used to calculate % inhibition and to obtain IC₅₀ with 4-parameter logistic equation.

IC₅₀ DETERMINATIONS: Dose-response curves were plotted from the inhibition data, from 10 point serial dilutions of inhibitory compounds. Concentration of compound was plotted against em520/Cem495 ratio signal. To generate IC₅₀ values, the dose-response curves were fitted to a standard sigmoidal curve and IC₅₀ values were derived by nonlinear regression analysis. IC₅₀ values in the above table are rounded to the nearest integer.

Example 3: Cell Viability Assay

Additionally, compounds can be tested for activity at the HDM2 protein using the SJSA-1 Cell Viability Assay, which measures the number of viable cells in culture after treatment with the inventive compound for a certain period of time e.g. 72 hours based on quantitation of the ATP present (Cell Viability. IC₅₀). [CellTiter-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay from Promega]. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound represented by Formula I:

wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR^(a) ₂)_(n)COOR¹¹, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(n)SO₂NR⁵R⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(n)C(O)NR^(c)SO₂N(R^(c))₂, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(n)S(O)R^(c), —(CR^(a) ₂)_(n)S(O)₂R^(c) and nitrogen containing 5-membered heterocyclic, heterocyclenyl or heteroaryl ring, wherein the 5-membered ring can be optionally substituted with OR^(c), SR^(c), NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R² is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, —W—(CR^(a)R⁹)_(t)R⁷, and heterocylic, wherein W is NR^(c) or O, wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, or heterocylic is optionally substituted with R¹² selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR^(a), —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)COOR¹⁰, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)cyclenyl, and —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclenyl, wherein the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, cyclenyl and heterocyclenyl of R¹² can be optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)COOR¹⁰, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)OR⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)SR⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)C(O)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)S(O)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)S(O)₂R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)CONR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)NR^(c)C(O)R⁸, -T-alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, -T-aryl, -T-heteroaryl, -T-heterocyclic, -T-cycloalkyl, -T-cyclenyl, and -T-heterocyclenyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, cyclenyl and heterocyclenyl can be optionally substituted with halo, SH, OR^(c), haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)CN, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)OR¹¹, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)S(O)₂R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)cyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)SO₂NR^(c)R⁸, or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)Y(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)U, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclic, heterocyclenyl and cyclenyl can further be substituted with OH, SH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, COOR¹⁰, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)cyclenyl, and —(CR^(a) ₂)_(m)heterocyclenyl, wherein the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, cyclenyl, and heterocyclenyl can be optionally substituted with OH, SH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-heteroaryl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-aryl, and —C₀-C₆alkylheterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclic can be optionally substituted with C₂-C₃alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₃alkylamino, C₁-C₃dialkylamino or COOR¹¹; R⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-heteroaryl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-aryl, and —C₀-C₆alkylheterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, aryl, and heterocyclic can be optionally substituted with C₂-C₃alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₃alkylamino, C₁-C₃dialkylamino or COOR¹¹; R⁷ is selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, and C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl, alkenyl, or cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with halo, nitro, CN, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-heteroaryl, —C₀-C₆alkyl-aryl, —C₀-C₆alkylheterocyclic, —C₀-C₆alkylheterocyclenyl, —C₀-C₆alkylcyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR⁵, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR⁵SO₂R⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)SO₂NR⁵R⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)R⁵, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)OR¹⁰, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)CONR⁵R⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)CONR⁵OR⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR⁵C(O)R⁶, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR⁵, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)S(O)R^(c), and —(CR^(a) _(z))_(z)S(O)₂R^(c); R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)-heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)-aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)-heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)-heterocyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)-cyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(s)cycloalkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, heterocyclenyl, cyclenyl, cycloalkyl, and alkyl can be optionally substituted with OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic, wherein the alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic can be optionally substituted with —C₀-C₆alkylOR^(c), C₀-C₆alkylN(R^(c))₂, COOR¹⁰, nitro, CN, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, heterocylic, or C(O)NHR^(c); R¹⁰ is independently selected from the group consisting of C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)-heteroaryl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)-aryl, and —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)-heterocyclic, wherein the heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl and alkyl can be optionally substituted with C₁-C₆alkyl, OH, halo, or haloC₁-C₆alkyl; R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)aryl, and —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic wherein the heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl and alkyl can be optionally substituted with C₁-C₆alkyl, OH, halo, or haloC₁-C₆alkyl; R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)aryl, and —(CR^(c) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic wherein the heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl and alkyl can be optionally substituted with C₁-C₆alkyl, OH, halo, or haloC₁-C₆alkyl; R^(a) is independently H, OR^(c), NH₂, halo, alkyl, or alkenyl, wherein alkyl or alkenyl is optionally substituted with OH, C₁-C₄alkoxy, NH₂, halo, haloC₁-C₄alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or C₂-C₄alkenyl; R^(c) is independently H or C₁-C₃alkyl optionally substituted with C₂-C₃alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₃alkylamino, or C₁-C₃dialkylamino; T is independently C₂-C₃alkenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)—, —C(═CH₂)—, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)—C(═CH₂)—, —C(═CH₂)—(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)—, —C(═NH)—, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)—C(═NH)—, or —C(═NH)—(CR^(a) ₂)_(q)—; Y is a bond, —C(O)NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)(O)—, or —NR^(c)—; U is H, COOR¹¹, OH, heteroaryl or heterocyclic; n is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; m is independently 0, 1 or 2; q is independently 0, 1, 2, or 3; s is independently 0, 1 or 2; t is independently 0, 1, or 2; v is independently 1, 2, 3 or 4; z is independently 0, 1, 2 or 3; or a stereoisomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the stereoisomer thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of COOR¹¹, —C(O)NR^(c)SO₂N(R^(c))₂, —S(O)R^(c), —S(O)₂R^(c), and nitrogen containing 5-membered heterocyclenyl or heteroaryl ring, wherein the 5-membered ring can be optionally substituted with OR^(c), SR^(c), NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R² is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, W—(CR^(a)R⁹)R⁷, and heterocyclic, wherein W is NR^(c) or O, wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic is optionally substituted with R¹² selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)OR^(a), and —(CR^(a) ₂)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), wherein the alkyl of R¹² can be optionally substituted with OH, CN, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, or CON(R^(c))₂; R³ is selected from the group consisting of H, aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic, wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclic can be optionally substituted with halo, SH, OR^(c), haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)CN, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)OR¹¹, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)S(O)₂R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)NR^(c)R⁸, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)SO₂NR^(c)R⁸, or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)O(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)Y(CR^(a) ₂)_(v)U; wherein alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocyclic can further be substituted with OH, halo, or C₂-C₆alkenyl; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR^(a) ₂)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)cyclenyl, and —(CR^(a) ₂)heterocyclenyl, wherein the aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, cyclenyl, and heterocyclenyl can be optionally substituted with OH, SH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R⁷ is C₃-C₈cycloalkyl optionally substituted with halo, nitro, CN, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR⁵; R⁸ is independently selected from the group consisting of —(CR^(a) ₂)-heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)-aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)-heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)-heterocyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)cyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)cycloalkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, wherein the heteroaryl, aryl, heterocyclic, heterocyclenyl, cyclenyl, cycloalkyl, and alkyl can be optionally substituted with OH, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, or halo group; R⁹ is H, C₁-C₃haloalkyl, or C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, wherein the alkyl or cycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with OR^(c), N(R^(c))₂, heterocyclic, C(O)NHCH₂CH₂OH, C(O)NH₂, or C(O)NHC₁-C₃alkyl; R¹¹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H and C₁-C₆alkyl, wherein alkyl can be optionally substituted with OH or halo; R¹⁷ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁-C₃alkyl, and aryl, wherein the aryl, and alkyl can be optionally substituted with C₁-C₆alkyl, OH, halo, or haloC₁-C₆alkyl; R^(a) is independently H, OR^(c), NH₂, halo, alkyl, or alkenyl, wherein alkyl or alkenyl is optionally substituted with OH, C₁-C₄alkoxy, NH₂, F, CF₃, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, or C₂-C₄alkenyl; R^(c) is independently H or C₁-C₃alkyl optionally substituted with C₂-C₃alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, C₁-C₃alkoxy, OH, halo, NH₂, C₁-C₃alkylamino, or C₁-C₃dialkylamino; Y is a bond, —C(O)NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)C(O)—, or —NR^(c)—; U is H, COOR¹¹, OH, heteroaryl or heterocyclic; v is independently 1 or 2; and z is independently 0, 1 or
 2. 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is selected from the group consisting of COOH and nitrogen containing 5-membered heteroaryl or heterocyclenyl ring, wherein the 5-membered ring can be optionally substituted with OR^(c), SR^(c), NH₂, nitro, CN, amide, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino.
 4. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, and —NR^(c)—(CR^(a)R⁹)R⁷, wherein the aryl, or heteroaryl is optionally substituted with R¹² selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, and C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)OR^(a), wherein the alkyl of R¹² can be optionally substituted with OH, CN, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, or CON(R^(c))₂; R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of —(CR^(a) ₂)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, and —(CR^(a) ₂)C₃-C₆cyclenyl, wherein the aryl, cycloalkyl, and cyclenyl can be optionally substituted with OH, SH, NH₂, nitro, CN, CON(R^(c))₂, COOR¹¹, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, haloC₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkenoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)O—, C₁-C₆alkyl-C(═O)—, C₂-C₆alkynyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, —SO₂NR^(c)R^(c), —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c), C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino; R⁷ is C₃-C₆cycloalkyl optionally substituted with halo, nitro, CN, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, or —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR⁵; R⁹ is C₁-C₃alkyl; R¹⁷ is H; and all other substituents are as defined in any one of claims 1 to
 3. 5. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is COOH and a nitrogen containing 5-membered heteroaryl, heterocyclyl or heterocyclenyl ring selected from the group consisting of tetrazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxadiazolone, dihydro-oxadiazolyl, triazolyl, dihydro-triazolyl, dihydro-triazolone, pyrrolidinyl, and imidazolyl, wherein the nitrogen containing 5-membered ring can be optionally substituted with halo, C₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, NH₂, OR^(c), SR^(c), COOH, or —NR^(c)SO₂R^(c).
 6. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is

wherein R^(d) is CH₃ or H.
 7. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is


8. The compound of claim 1, wherein R² is

R^(e) is H, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)OR¹⁰, halo, haloC₁-C₃alkyl or C₁-C₃alkyl; K and L are independently CR¹⁴ or N; R¹⁴ is independently H, halo, CN, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C(O)NR^(c)R^(c), —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)OR^(a), —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)aryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heteroaryl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclic, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)C₃-C₈cycloalkyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)cyclenyl, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)heterocyclenyl, wherein the alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocyclic, cycloalkyl, cyclenyl or heterocyclenyl can be optionally substituted with OH, CN, halo, haloC₁-C₃alkyl, or CON(R^(c))₂; and h is 0 or
 1. 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein R³ is H, -T-aryl or -T-heteroaryl, wherein the aryl or heteroaryl can be optionally substituted with halo, OR^(c), haloC₁-C₆alkyl, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, —(CR^(a) ₂)_(z)CN, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₂-C₆alkynyl, wherein alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl can further be substituted with OH, NH₂, nitro, CN, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆haloalkyl, C₁-C₆haloalkyloxy, C₁-C₆hydroxyalkyl, halo group, hydroxyalkoxy, C₁-C₆alkylsulfonyl, C₁-C₆alkylamino or di(C₁-C₆)alkylamino.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein R³ is

X is NR¹⁹, CR¹⁶ ₂, S, or O; R¹⁵ is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl, 5 or 6-membered heterocyclic or heteroaryl, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, C₃-C₆cycloalkyl, CN, OH, and SH; two adjacent R¹⁵ form a fused C₃-C₇cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring; two non-adjacent R¹⁵ form a C₁-C₃alkylene; or two R¹⁵ attached to the same carbon form a C₃-C₇cycloalkyl or heterocyclic ring, wherein the phenyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or hetrocyclic can be optionally substituted with R¹³ selected from the group consisting of haloC₁-C₆alkyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH; R¹⁶ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, halo, haloC₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkoxy, C₁-C₆alkyl, C₂-C₆alkenyl, CN, OH, and SH; R¹⁹ is independently selected from the group consisting of H, haloC₁-C₆alkyl, C₁-C₆alkyl, and C₂-C₆alkenyl; f is 0, 1 or 2; g is 0, 1 or 2; j is independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or
 8. 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁴ is —CH₂—Y or —CH₂(CH₃)—Y, wherein Y is phenyl or cyclohexyl optionally substituted with haloC₁-C₃alkyl, haloC₂-C₃alkenyl, halo, C₃-C₄cycloalkyl, haloC₁-C₃alkoxy, C₁-C₃alkoxy, C₂-C₃alkenoxy, C₁-C₃alkyl, C₂-C₃alkenyl, amino, CN, OH, or SH.
 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein R⁴ is

R^(b) and R^(s) are independently H, halo, haloC₁-C₃alkyl or C₁-C₃alkyl; R^(g) is H, or methyl; i and l are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; and e is 0 or
 1. 13. The compound of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of: (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl) amino)-6-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo [3, 2-d] pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-7-(2-fluoro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl) amino)-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl) benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo [3, 2-d] pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; (R)-4-((1-cyclobutylethyl)amino)-7-methyl-6-(m-tolyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 6-(1-benzofuran-5-yl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 6-(2-chloro-5-methylphenyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 7-(2-chloro-5-methylphenyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(4-methylpyridin-2-yl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-[4-(1-methylethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-7-methyl-6-[4-(1-methylethyl)pyridin-2-yl]-5-[4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 5-[2-amino-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl}-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[2-methoxy-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[4-(difluoromethoxy)benzyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[3-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-(4-methoxybenzyl)-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 5-(4-chloro-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)benzyl]-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5-{[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]methyl}-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 5-(4-bromo-3-fluorobenzyl)-4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-(3,4-difluorobenzyl)-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; and 4-{[(1R)-1-cyclobutylethyl]amino}-5-(3-fluoro-4-methylbenzyl)-6-(3-methylphenyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; or a stereoisomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the stereoisomer thereof.
 14. The compound of claim 1 selected from the group consisting of: 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 3-{4-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; 5-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one; 4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 3-{4-(3-chlorophenyl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-7-methyl-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-phenyl-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 5-{7-benzyl-4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one; 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-methylpropyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-methylpropyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(2-pyridin-3-ylethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; 3-[4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-7-(pyridin-3-ylmethyl)-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; 3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[fluoro(2-fluorophenyl)methyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5 (4H)-one; 4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[(1R or S)-1-fluoro-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine-2-carboxylic acid; and 3-{4-(5-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-[(1R or S)-1-fluoro-1-(3-fluoropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-5-[(trans-4-methylcyclohexyl)methyl]-5H-pyrrolo[3,2-d]pyrimidin-2-yl}-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5(4H)-one; or a stereoisomer thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the stereoisomer thereof.
 15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of claim 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in combination with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 